Estella and Biddy as Opposites. essays

Estella and Biddy as Opposites. essays Biddy is Pips childhood tutor, friend and confidant. She is always the person he unloads onto; no one else is continually there for him. Perhaps Pip gets along so well with Biddy as they are both orphans. They have also both been brought up by hand, and know what it feels like to be unloved, and treated harshly. Mr Wopsles great-aunt raised Biddy, and she owned a little general shop, as well as the school Pip attended. Although she seemed to have owned so much, she was still considered low-class, possibly because she didnt know what stock her shop held, and that Pip didnt really learn anything from her. (She wasnt a good teacher, it was Biddy who taught Pip to read and write.) In Pips opinion, Biddy has very noticeable looks. Her hair always wanted brushing, her hands always wanted washing, and her shoes always wanted mending and pulling up at the heel. (Great Expectations, Chapter 7, page 42). Biddy is only a few years older then Pip. Estella is also an orphan, which is interesting, as this means the three characters (Pip, Biddy and Estella) have something in common. However, different from Pip and Biddys situations, Estella has been adopted by a rich, higher-class lady, Miss Havisham. The only reason Estellas past is forgotten is that no-one knows who Estellas parents are, or what social class they were part of. Miss Havisham suffers from being dumped on her wedding day, so many years ago. She repeatedly lives her wedding day over; nothing in the house has been changed since that day, even all the clocks were stopped. By adopting Estella, Miss Havisham now has a little girl to love and take care of, as well as someone to mould into a beautiful lady, with a respectable education and very refined tastes. Miss Havisham wants to take her revenge on the male species, for ruining her life, by raising Estella to have no feelings. Later in the novel we see that Estella fin...

IBM History

IBM History IBM or International Business Machines is a well-known  American computer manufacturer, founded by Thomas J. Watson (born 1874-02-17). IBM is also known as Big Blue after the color of its logo. The company has made everything from mainframes to personal computers and has been immensely successful selling business computers. The Beginning of IBM On June 16, 1911, three successful 19th-century companies decided to merge, marking the beginnings of IBM history. The Tabulating Machine Company, the International Time Recording Company, and the Computing Scale Company of America joined together to incorporate and form one company, the Computing Tabulating Recording Company. In 1914, Thomas J. Watson Senior joined CTR as CEO and held that title for the next twenty years, turning the company into the multi-national entity. In 1924, Watson changed the company’s name to International Business Machines Corporation or IBM. From the beginning, IBM defined itself not by selling products, which ranged from commercial scales to punch card tabulators, but by its research and development. IBM History of Business Computers IBM began designing and manufacturing calculators in the 1930s, using the technology of their own punch card processing equipment. In 1944, IBM together with Harvard University financed the invention of the Mark 1 computer, the first machine to compute long calculations automatically. By 1953, IBM was ready to completely produce their own computers, which began with the IBM 701 EDPM, their first commercially successful general-purpose computer. And the 701 was just the beginning. IBM History of Personal Computers In July 1980, Microsofts Bill Gates agreed to create an operating system for IBMs new computer for the home consumer, which IBM released on August 12, 1981. The first IBM PC ran on a 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 microprocessor. IBM had now stepped into the home consumer market, sparking the computer revolution. Outstanding IBM Electrical Engineers David Bradley joined IBM immediately upon graduation. In September 1980, David Bradley became one of the original 12 engineers working on the IBM Personal Computer and was responsible for the ROM BIOS code.

System Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

System Security - Essay Example The virus attack can only be possible to a system via removable storage devices (zip drive, jazz drive, and floppy drive) which mean a system can be protected from such attacks if the external removable devices are pre-scanned before its usage. During the current era of globalization, every LAN is connected to the biggest LAN i.e., internet one way or the other. Nearly all the financial institutions and government bodies have connected their systems over the internet to give their authorized users an ease of access from any part of the world. On one hand this has alleviated the boundaries between different countries and made communication possible in real-time between two ends of the world but on the other hand it has given an edge to the cyber criminals to breach through the complex systems by finding its loopholes. Due to the threat of hacking, none of the national security and financial data is safe from these cyber criminals unless well protected by using different pro-active techniques such as: 1) Data encryption 2) Firewalls 3) Identifying the loopholes in the current system and creating a patch for it. The encryption technique has been successfully used for data transfer between two ends over the internet because even if the data is tapped by a hacker, he cannot decrypt it since he is inaccessible to the public key for decryption. The firewall softwares are used to guard against the brute force attacks and access from an invalid domain but due to the loopholes which exist in the current operating systems these firewall softwares occasionally fail. Up till now the hackers are usually focusing on financial institutions for the monetary benefits, but in the future these hackers could also be used to manipulate the national security data and the personal ids to wage any degree of chaos as desired. This situation is expected only because we have created the space for this threat by ourselves by storing every personal data and

Process Steam Boiler Conversion Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Process Steam Boiler Conversion Project - Essay Example Failed projects have a colossal negative impact to any business, especially due to the time and resources spent. Ensuring that the project management process continues in a successful manner, tools are available to support and ensure that the aspects of project integration, time, cost, quality, as well as human resources are effectively covered. The project charter for instance is a very important document that is prepared to support a successful project management process (Schwalbe, 2009). This lays the framework for the project management process and remains a strong reference point during the progress of the project. Lack of a project charter reflects negatively on the project and can adversely affect its success. Scheduling under project time management can be demonstrated using scheduling chart tools such as Gantt chart and critical path method (CPM). During project activity documentation, the project manager can use illustrations and diagrams to ensure that communication is wel l effected among the members of a project team and with other stakeholders. Charts are used to ensure that information is accurately passed across to the target audience. Another common tool in use in scheduling is the project evaluation and review technique (PERT) which is an analysis tool that can also be used by the manager to schedule the project’s activities. The most important key to successful and effective project management is through planning. A logically constructed and orderly plan is essential to direct any type of project and to help in preparing a report from conception through completion. The key to good planning is in its turn founded on clearly defined project objectives. For instance, project planning can begin with the identification of the client's needs, the development of a budget and work schedule that fit these needs, and the planning for resources, including staff and materials. The setting up of a clearly defined project proposal plan is therefore v ery useful from the beginning as it can help ensure that matters as a technically capable staff and an adequate budget are part of the process. The understanding of the assumptions is important given how the expectations for the final results of the project are based on the initial suppositions made. Furthermore, changing assumptions throughout the project can bring about lack of satisfaction about the final results among the senior management; a scenario that is rather frequent in the project management field. Therefore, and despite the fact that project length remains a critical factor in the eventual extent of satisfaction exhibited with regard to the final results, assumptions should be documented at project initiation and throughout using the project charter as a possible means. The project manager should from then on continue to challenge and revalidate the assumptions to ensure that the project is either redirected towards a different set of objectives or simply terminated fu lly in the event of changing assumptions. Among the assumptions that need to be considered are related to both enterprise environmental factors as well as organizational process assets. Assumptions related to the external environment, and which can affect any given project and should be therefore taken well into account, include for

Training Assessment Essay Example for Free

Training Assessment Essay Any business needs an amount of risk and determination to succeed. Business and companies exist within society and society prescribe behavior norm as to what is expected from this financial group. (Reynolds) Creating a balance between financial, environmental and societal growth is a difficult task but is very critical if one company would like to make sure that they are to stay for a long time in the market. Productivity within a team needs to be established for this is critical regarding the success of a company. Work related goals must be set and let the employees be aware of these and how it could be achieved. A company lay down factors or guidelines for their services and manpower in order for them to gauge if they met their goals or if there is a problem within and how to address it. There are factors that need to be considered when one company tries to check if its service and manpower are able to meet the goals and objective set. Each level of manpower has their own criteria in evaluating their work. Performance evaluation could not be an all uniform assessment because of the difference in workload and capacities of each profession. The criteria may be different but there could be similarity in the values that are being asked for any profession, it will just vary on the intensity that is being asked for each value used as a criterion. All results have their corresponding actions or appraisal depending on their needs as dictated by the result. Rewards and punishments play an important role in determining how an employee does his job. Management should let their team mates know about the rewards that they could get depending on their performances; this could motivate them to work harder and improve. Punishments and discipline should be effective. One way of making sure that this is effective is being fair in giving punishments to those who have faults, no favoritism in the part of the supervisor. This would make them feel that they are working in as a team and that they are responsible for their action and their teammates as well. An employee must be reinforced in doing the right thing at the right time. Management must determine on why there is that specific team and their role in the company must be made aware as for them to know how they would properly function. There are a lot of things that needs to be taught to ensure that productivity is being met by the team. Some of them are stages of team development storming, forming, norming, performing; team roles team leader, scribe, and process observer. Consensus decision making is a critical skill that one needs to develop. (Howardell, 2004) Employees’ benefits, like health benefits, should be given on time and in accordance with the law to make them feel that they are being taken cared of and that they are important beings for the company and not treated as just mere workers. It must be understood that everyone has a life outside of the business or company. It would help if employees could be felt that we superiors are aware of it and that are more than willing to do something about creating a balance between work and private life. It must be understood that everyone has a life outside of the business or company. It would help if employees could be felt that superiors are aware of it and that are more than willing to do something about creating a balance between work and private life. Communication is a two way process. A good supervisor must be an active listener and should encourage feedback. He should be able to identify what are communication barriers and what is the common cause of misunderstanding within their system. He must also know when to use effectively oral or written communications. Winnet gave four vital steps in effective communication, in order to create a harmonious relationship between the boss and the worker. The four steps that he discusses were Attention, Apprehension, Assimilation and Action. If we would like that our message would reach the receiver, we have to make sure that we have the other person’s full attention as possible as it could be. Distractions must be avoided and genuine respect should be shown so that each will understand the other. Winnet paralleled apprehension with understanding. He suggested that there must be a free flow of input from the receiver to ensure that the right level of understanding is achieved. Merely understanding the message is not enough, this is where Assimilation plays a crucial function. It must be ensured that the information was assimilated in the own being of the receiver. It was also stipulated that this could go a long way to be definite about active participation, and harmonious cooperation, in the workplace. (Winnet) The final step for an effective communication according to Winnet, is Action. It is not enough that he message was conveyed, supervisors has to make sure that something was done by the receiver as to what message was conveyed. Body language plays an important role in how we communicate for success. We have to be careful on how we convey messages; we might be saying something that our movements are not backing up. If one would like his peers to believe him and respect him, a leader must have consistency in his dealings and use non verbal cues to maintain his stature and validity of the messages that he gives. Assessing one program’s effectiveness is crucial to its success. Reference: Howardell, Doug. (2004). Seven Skills of a Highly Productive Workforce. ACA Group. September 16, 2006. http://www.theacagroup.com/improveproductivity.htm Reynolds, Andrew. (2006). Process, power, culture and ethics. Lecture notes acquired June 03,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2006. Understand the Business Communication Process. September 16, 2006. http://www.isi elearning.com/content/content_display.cfm/datakey/3/seqnumber_content/70.htm Winnet, Azriel. Communicating Effectively in the Workplace: Four Essential Steps. September 16, 2006. http://hodu.com/business-communication.shtml

Grandmas House Essay -- Descriptive Essay About A Place

Grandma's House My most distinct childhood memories are at my Grandma Darlene's house, a quaint trailer on the edge of Anderson. Grandma lives near the end of a tiny little dirt road and has lived there for more than thirty years. We can barely get through the door because there are mountains and mountains of boxes, clothes and barrels filled with who knows what. At the bottom of all that there is a fairly large wooden rocking bench, my great uncle made right before his wife died. Cushioning these layers upon layers of junk is a nasty, old, mated scrap of carpet. The carpet is a burnt orange, calico color that has been stepped on and had people's shoes wiped off on more times than a welcome mat. Bordering the side of the porch is a barbecue from what looks like it is from the 1950's. It's all charred and where the black paint once was now is a thick coating of orange rust. In the corners there are millions of spiders that have taken up residence. Once we conquered the spiders and climb over the massive piles of boxes, we open the spring loaded door and the smell of coffee and burning wood rushes over us. As we entered the living room we traveled back in time, to an old yet still messy Victorian house. In front of the door the floor is tile; four or five of the tiles are broken where my Papa dropped a hammer years ago. As we move deeper into the living room the floor changes to a gray carpet with yellow and brown stains in many different places. The big windows are draped with large lacey curtains and doilies surround the coffee table and all the sides' tables. We bounce down on a blue floral couch and set our stuff on the oak wood coffee table that is less than ten inches from our shins. Beneath this table there are golden po... ...ig would scream over and over again until the lid was shut. Then in would come Grandma with her hands on her hips looking at us like we were so silly. In the end we would always get a cookie. My Grandma Darlene's house is the simplest, homiest, and most wonderful place I could ever imagine. Her place might not seem like much but it's the little things that are most important. Her house contains so many of my fondest memorize. When I'm busy, angry or just frustrated, I wish and think back on the times when Ashley and I would dump the whole box of lucky charms all over the floor and only the marshmallows. It the simple things I miss like watching Scooby-Doo in my PJ's on Sunday morning, making sparkly crafts and play baseball. All of these fun thing where done at my grandma's and I'm sure there will be a lot more to do when I go over there this Thanksgiving.

Course of True Love Never Did Run Smooth Essay

I. Introduction Comparing Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream and Middleton’s The Changeling seems to be a very unusual topic for the first sight. The earlier is a festive merry comedy and the latter is said to be a revenge tragedy, moreover, is claimed to be a later transformation of Shakespeare’s Othello. Certainly, if we look at the structure of The Changeling on the surface we see a plot of a conventional drama of revenge, but as we observe closer it becomes evident that The Changeling lacks some of the significant features a tragedy has to retain. As far as the situation is concerned the plot could turn out to be a comedy. After some conflict and misunderstanding Beatrice and Alsemero could get married and live happily ever after, as it happened to the two couples in A Midsummer Night’s Dream. In fact in the latter the basic situation was even more complicated, Hermia’s father knew that she wanted to marry Lysander and he opposed to it, but in The Changeling the lovers did not really have an objection from the ‘paternal’ side. What are the differences then? How could Shakespeare write his merriest comedy from a situation that turned out to be a cruel revenge tragedy for Middleton? The first part of he answer definitely lies in the different periods they lived in. The Elizabethan and Jacobean age, although they seem to retain little difference for us, hold numerous significant contrasts. Their world picture and understanding life differed in a lot, and so did their dramatists and audiences. Considering the title, characters and the structure of he plays we cannot see outstanding differences between them. Both the titles have comic connotations, suggesting a happy ending to the audience. As for the characters, The Changeling lacks the tragic hero and more importantly the Machiavellian malcontent, which was necessary for a revenge tragedy. What we find instead are simple, everyday individuals who find themselves in a peculiar situation which they cannot handle. In A Midsummer Night’s Dream we also find various situations of disharmony, misunderstanding, quarrel and stress, but they all turn into order by the end. The main contrast is in the attitude of the personae, that is the handling of the situation in a positive or in a negative way. The structural similarity is the use of a subplot, which in both cases serves as an emphasis of the main plot. In A Midsummer Night’s Dream the mechanicals’ earthly word and speech is aimed at stressing the different worlds of the play and also serves laughter. In The Changeling the mad-house plot serves same reason, but as it is a satire it makes us realise that the world of apparently normal people is full of madness, while in a madhouse everything turns out to be fine. Raising these points now we have to have a closer look on the two dramas and see that the so called revenge tragedy is rather comic and the happy comedy held more tragic signs than the actual tragedy. II. Tragedy and comedy The division of drama into comedy and tragedy has always been the first aspect of literary criticism. We have fixed ideas in our minds what are the so called tragic and comic elements. Using Norhtrop Frye’s terms, in tragedies these are the great tragic hero, conflict with something grand, like fate, gods, fortune. According to Frye the tragic hero is somewhere between the divine and the â€Å"all to human†, apparently a type which cannot be found in The Changeling. On the other hand if we put the typical pattern of comedy onto the plot of the drama we can see that it is consistent, whereas, adapting again Frye’s definition, what normally happens in a comedy is that a â€Å"young man wants a young woman, that his desire is resisted by some opposition, usually paternal, and that near the end of the play some twist in the plot enables the hero to have his will. These patterns tend not to change with time, but certainly in transitional periods the emphasis could shift. The Jacobean period being the age of crisis in both literary and social aspects, it has developed its own characteristics as tragedy and comedy are concerned. Jacobean drama was more concerned with revenge and blood but the focus was not on the individual but on a social type. The same tendency occurred in the comedie s, they were rather satires, parodies than real merriment. Jacobean pessimism, like today that of the post-modern took a reaction against the optimism of the preceding age, which is pointing towards the comedies of the French Classicist period, rather than having roots in the Elizabethan. III. The titles As I have mentioned, the titles both carry the connotation of change, but in a symbolic way, examining how the human power can accept change, how it can adopt to different troubled situations. They both have comic connotation and both suggest some passivity on the side of the characters, that is, they are changed by an external force, something that is standing outside them. The word ‘changeling’ had different meanings for the Jacobean audience, but mainly carried the act of change, transformation from one thing to the other. As the word ‘dream’ would have the same connotation, as our dreams are alterations of real life and of the self. The word ‘changeling’ had four different meanings that time: a person given to change, a half wit, a woman who had sexual intercourse or an ugly and deformed child changed by the fairies. Midsummer night, being the shortest night of the year also suggests change, change in the moon and season, demonstrating the difference in performance at night or day. As Martin White puts it The Changeling is built on a structure of antitheses ironically inverted and juxtaposed. These are castle/asylum, madness/sanity, reason/passion and appearance/reality. These antitheses are also present in the latter, substituting the castle for Athens and the asylum for he forest. The world turned upside down is comic in Shakespeare’s time, the theme of change is more important than that of the characters; on the other hand Middleton stresses the change of characters, and â€Å"the action turns upon the contrast between the character’s demands upon life and their limitations when an unwanted set of circumstances reveals them. IV. The characters In spite of this difference The Changeling also has the elements of comedy. As the characters are mediocre, they differ from the heroes of grand tragedy. In Jacobean times contemporaries would have seen The Changeling as a drama which has a plot based on a conventional revenge tragedy, but Middleton’s handling of the plot and the characters managed to end up in story of a group of quite ordinary people whose fate is the logical consequence of their stupidity and simplicity. On the contrary the protagonists of A Midsummer Night’s Dream are really remarkable as they do not accept their fate and the will of the father, but they try to break out of it by escaping to the wood, that is, by responding positively to the situation. This is the basic difference between the acting of the couples, Hermia-Lysander and Beatrice-Alsemero. Hermia: But I beseech your grace that I may know The worst that may befall me in this case, If I refuse to wed Demetrius. (I. 1. 62-4) Lysander: I am, my lord, as well-derived as he, As well-posessed: My love is more than his, [†¦ And, which is more than all these boasts can be, I am beloved of beauteous Hermia. (I. 1. 99-104) However, Beatrice does not ask his father for permission for marrying Alsemero, she is just asking for more time, and Alsemero does not seem to act either, as he says â€Å"I must part and never meet again / With joy on earth. † (I. 1. 205). He wants to leave, which clearly demonstrates his p assive attitude. They cannot face a situation that is not favourable for them, they are not fighting for their love, which is evident from the fact that much of what they say they say as ‘asides’. Their main problem is the lack of communication and mistrust, although Vermanendro likes Alsemero, and what is more, later admits that if he had another daughter he would give her to Alsemero. So the changes mentioned above has to come in a different way: in A Midsummer Night’s Dream the lovers started to act and the fairies interfere with the magic juice, which causes a crookedness in the play but here all the obstacles are turned into advantages. The remarkable thing is that they never stop communication, which would allow for a tragic outcome. Even when the lovers are completely crossed they manage to cope with the situation, thus making everything in the best possible way, and they are never ready to submit to their fate. Alsemero and Beatrice are entirely the opposite, their failure of communication with each other and their surroundings result in the murder of Alonzo. They are both shallow personalities, going on their own way. Alsemero, when first speaking to Beatrice, immediately kisses her and admits that he loves her. As Beatrice is concerned she has an ignorance of the world and even of herself. Her incapability of seeing reality changes her from a maid to a whore and a urderess, as Farr claims. She is a conventional spoiled child; like a princess in a fairy tale she is acting without calculating the human element. She thinks she will not be guilty as De Flores kills her fiance, and also fails to realise that De Flores will not be satisfied with money. She acts without thinking and consideration, as she says: I sha ll rid myself Of two inveterate loathings at one time, Piraquo, and his dog face. (II. 2. 146-8) Being unable to see what is going on Beatrice unquestionably thinks that this is the best solution for her problem, using a man she hates for killing another man she hates. Reality is not revealed to her even by putting this improbable situation into words. The treatment of the heroine illustrates the difference of Middleton’s drama from the typical revenge tragedy of the age. In fact, no one has the cause to kill in this drama, as Farr puts it: â€Å"Middleton’s presentation is not the conflict between passion and power but the unmasking of lust by the logic of commonplace happenings. † The other difference is De Flores, who is not a characteristic malcontent either. He is in love with Beatrice and it is his lust that makes him a murderer. Although he is always one step before Beatrice and we can assume that he is aware of his murder we do not have the same feeling towards him as towards the typical malcontents in tragedies, such as Iago or Richard III. We feel pity for him from the beginning for the undeserved loathing of Beatrice. He is not evil, he would not have done anything bad to Beatrice or anybody else. It is Beatrice who is evil, but just to a limited extent as she cannot realise the weight and consequence of her ideas and thus starts behaving in a negative way, opposed to the lovers of A Midsummer Night’s Dream. She is the ‘deed’s creature’ (III. . 137), nothing else but an unthoughtful person who cannot part reality from her passion. She still thinks at the end that it is a significant basis for her self defence that ‘love has made me / A cruel murd’ress. (V. 3. 64-65). On the contrary in A Midsummer Night’s Dream it is the situation that is foolish not the cha racters: they are intelligent people in an inherently foolish situation, but the plot does not lack the hint of a tragedy, which is present on two levels. On the one hand, it is threatening with the harsh Athenian law, and on the other, it is there in the subplot, in the performance of the mechanicals. Also we must not forget that the closest drama of Shakespeare is Romeo and Juliet, which has much resemblance with this plot. But here, although the characters are the playthings of the fairies, they manage to understand the experience of irrational love and so their behaviour is not at all irrational or foolish. V. The structure Concerning the structure the outstanding similarity is the use of a subplot. It has two functions, reinforcing the twin themes of the dramas, which are castle/madhouse and reality/illusion. The main plot and the subplot are not together at all throughout the action but the presence can be felt in both cases. In A Midsummer Night’s Dream the subplot is the earthly world: the language is ordinary and has a very big contrast with the poetic lines of the lovers, especially with the rhyming couplets of the fairies. In The Changeling the characters of the main plot speak in an ordinary way, and there is more wit in the speech of the madhouse people. Both subplots serve as the comic elements in the drama, but with a different aim. The theme of the jealous husband and the wife is a social satire on the one hand, and on the other, it acts as a reflection and foreshadow of the action of the main plot. It demonstrates the crookedness of the world, that apparently mad people can handle the situation in a better way while sane people’s relationships end with four cruel murders. In A Midsummer Night’s Dream, however, the function of the subplot is just the opposite. The play acted by the mechanincs, despite its clumsiness, is a tale of woe, suicide and fatalism, quite contrary to the play which contains it.

Marketing The Movie Hum Tum Film Studies Essay

In the first six hebdomads of 2004, the amusement industry spent around Rs. 1 billion on movie and music publicities. The norm for a manufacturer was to put about 10 to 15 per centum of the entire production budget on selling and publicities. However, in some instances this bound is stretched to 20 to 25 per centum. Hum Tum was acknowledged as a box office hit in malice of a mild response by the movie critics. The film was targeted specially at the young person, and that was apparent with all the bordering selling activities. Yash Raj Films tied up with multiple administrations merely to unleash an extended selling run for the film. Harmonizing to the selling executives at Yash Raj Films, the strategising for the movie ‘s promotion run started coincident to its production. A sum of 10 to 12 per cent of the production budget was invested in the movie ‘s selling and promotion runs. However, â€Å" the film really got free promotion worth 30 to 35 per cent of its budget, † says Tarun Tripathi, the cardinal ideator of Hum Tum ‘s selling scheme. This was due to the free of cost trades that fell in topographic point for the unit. Before acquiring into the assorted facets of the films selling activities, allow us look at another position. Ad as an industry is turning towards Bollywood. And this entry is non merely restricted to the advertizements in between films, but the advertizement going the very portion of the film. This includes intermixing the trade name in the film as required. Most blockbusters now have a proper blending of the trade name into the narrative line ; nevertheless, during the clip of Hum Tum, this was a comparatively new phenomenon. In the film, Saif Ali Khan is a Times of India cartoonist. Now this association with the taking English day-to-day was: a finance direction technique ; a world angle given to the film by the manager ; or merely a manner of trade name association, is the inquiry. The move is decidedly smart as acknowledged by trade analysts and industry professionals, as its common benefit for parties, – trade name every bit good as the film. Such advertisement remains in the heads of the spectator as it is subtly yet contextual as it merges the trade name in the mundane life of the common adult male. Harmonizing to the movie ‘s selling caput, the quality of the merchandise is the most of import. So while good reappraisal coevals and disposed usage of media can command the word of oral cavity promotion, finally the audience decides how they like the movie and negotiations about it. So neglecting selling does non assist either manner. Let ‘s take a expression at the assorted marketing Tie-ups of Hum Tum:Timess of IndiaIn Hum Tum, Saif Ali Khan is a Times of India cartoonist. He creates cartoon strips of ‘Hum ‘ and ‘Tum ‘ which is a male child and a miss severally. The subject is gender wrangles and it is showcased in a amusing mode through these strips. In order to help the publication of the sketch strips in the newspaper, YRF came up with a alone synergistic sketch strip competition on their site. The user had to assist the lead histrion ( Karan Kapoor ) to explicate more strips with new thoughts. The strip was merely supposed to be a 3 frame strip and it was in Hindi or English. These entries enabled the squad to plan sketch strips on the selected entries, and published them in Times of India – India ‘s prima English daily. The victor got an sole limited edition transcript of the winning sketch strip, autographed by Saif and Rani. Apart from the publication, these sketchs strips were besides covered on the official web site. The strips were a success amongst the readers and they were awaited by partisans. The gags connected with the young person and they were seen discoursing these positions on college campuses, at place, with friends, etc. It was a good wonder generator for what is traveling to be seen in the film itself. This selling thought enabled Times of India to go an of import portion of the movie ‘s content and its association with the YRF trade name got some added equity to the partnership. YRF on the other manus landed a good fiscal and a strategic trade with the taking English day-to-day. Evaluation for the above activity can be measured in the undermentioned mode since there was no existent hard currency escape. Size of the strip * Frequency of the strip * All edition rate of TOI Simultaneously the range of the run can be measured utilizing the expression below: Readership of the newspaper * Number of yearss the strip appeared = this will give us an approximative range figure of the above run.BalladsDuring the movie launch, Lays had introduced two new spirits – Cool Cucumber and Cream and Masala Cooler. This was particularly for the summer. What the selling squad of Hum Tum did was to tout Hum Tum as the ‘coolest ‘ film of the season. This was taken frontward by an SMS competition on the official website www.yashrajfilms.com. To take part in this competition, all one needed to make is SMS Lays to 8558 and reply the inquiries that are sent in answer to the SMS. 2500 victors were selected by a random draw amongst the right reply entries and they would be entitled to two tickets for the film. Apart from this, 10000 victors were sent ringtones or screensavers of the film via SMS. Participants with right entries besides received digital content like nomadic ringtones, screensavers or gags as a complimentary gift. The nomadic trade was worked out between Mobile2Win and Frito-Lay India Ltd. The competition was valid from 18th May to 31st May and victors were informed via SMS everyday. As Lays was the taking murphy french friess trade name, and its trade name embassador was Saif, it got a batch of free promotion for the film. The loyal clients of the trade name had something to look frontward to with the launch of the new spirit every bit good as Saif ‘s new release. Consequently the range or more accurately the figure of occupied clients of the run can be estimated as: = Number of SMS ‘s received for the competitionMTVMay 21 onwards, the much awaited Rishi Rich ‘s new music picture for Kunal Kohli ‘s movie Hum Tum was seen on MTV. The music channel had entirely tied up with Yash Raj Films to co-produce the music picture for the film ‘s title path. Besides the affiliation enabled for the first clip on Indian telecasting a alteration in the logo of MTV, which carried the Hum Tum characters. Using music picture and logo stigmatization were alone attacks. This was the first clip that an experiment like this was seen in Bollywood, where a music picture was created entirely as a film selling tool. Another first was for Rishi Rich, as he had ne'er earlier produced a path for a mainstream Hindi Film. The path ‘U-n-I, Mere dil vich hai Hum Tum, ‘ was a hip-hop bhangra path, produced by Rishi Rich and sung by Veronica and Juggy D. It is a vernal racy path which was composed by Veronica and is shot against the background of celebrated memorials of Bombay. It was a speedy hit with the crowds due to its bouncing subject, and it besides worked really good for the film. The vocal was in melody with the movie ‘s thought. It was the first clip that Yash Raj Films used an international creative person for their movie ‘s soundtrack. All the parties involved got their equity on the tabular array, which in bend helped the picture go an instant hit – Yash Raj known as the grandfather of Bollywood, Rishi Rich as the new modern bhangra creative person, and MTV, the most sought after young person channel. Evaluation for the above activity is assumed to be measured in the undermentioned mode as we do non hold the existent Numberss of the selling spend: FCT rates for the screen size and consequently averaging it out + excess premium for the logo branding on the channelJassi Jaisi Koi NahinJassi Jaisi Koi Nahin, the household show, aired on Sony Entertainment Channel became a portion of Hum Tum ‘s selling program. YRF roped in the show to advance their film Hum Tum. Saif playing the function of Karan, a cartoonist in the film, made an visual aspect in the show. It was the first clip a character from the large screen stepped into the little screen, for a cameo with the show ‘s lead character. This alone episode was aired on May 27th, one twenty-four hours before the release of the film. Saif Ali Khan was teh current spirit amongst Bollywood histrions. The brace created the expected enthusiasm, as Jassi was a popular show, and Saif a popular star. The shot for the episode took topographic point at the Chitrath Studios, Powai. The cameo involved Saif sing Jassi ‘s place in the show – Gulmohar House. He was seen playing the function of Karan Kapoor from the film, where he is a cartoonist. It was seen that Jassi invited Saif to the manner house in order to debate his point of views as shown in his amusing strips. The subject for the amusing strips is Men are from Mars and Women are from Venus. It fundamentally illustrates the differences between the genders. Now, Jassi differs from Saif ‘s point of position, and they are shown discoursing this as a portion of the show. The attitude of Karan Kapoor, the cartoonist played by Saif is rather contrary to Jassi à ¢â‚¬Ëœs attitude in the show. This is one of the premier grounds the coupling worked, as there was something that the viewing audiences could look frontward to. It was a welcome me displacement from the mundane show. Jassi was anyhow a profitable show for the channel, and the Saif cameo provided the bombilation, the manufacturers needed for the film Hum Tum. It was a win-win state of affairs. Evaluation for the above activity can be measured in the undermentioned mode as we do non hold the existent Numberss of the selling spend: = Comparison of TRP for the show on that peculiar twenty-four hours with other yearssDecisionIn today ‘s twenty-four hours, most films are seen come ining the market with multiple selling and media affiliations. It non merely provided the intended push to the film, but besides creates a bed of positive word of oral cavity for the film, and a certain sum of exhilaration in the heads of possible viewing audiences. In 2004, Hum Tum was one of the first such films to hold so many multiple selling partnerships, and since so it ‘s a day-to-day phenomenon. The presence of trade names adds so many excess oculus balls to the film, that the consequence is increased enormously. Hum Tum ‘s selling affiliations were an intelligent mix of Television, Music, Chips, and Print. It reached its audiences through assorted agencies, and finally struck a chord with the young person every bit good as the household.

The Fair Eco Fashion Review Essay Sample

The Fair Eco Fashion Review Essay Sample The Fair Eco Fashion Review Essay Example The Fair Eco Fashion Review Essay Example Fashion for the environmentally friendly products flashed with a new power. Many producers understood that their fashionable clothes should not only look beautiful, but should also be safe for environment, and for a human body. Naturally, it is much more difficult to make clothes from the natural materials, as such a process is complicated. Moreover, the natural materials cost ten times more than artificial ones and, therefore, the product will become more expensive, but safe. It is not only about the product’s safety, but also about the preservation of environment. The label â€Å"Eco† confirms the ecological purity of all the elements used during the process of manufacturing clothes. Eco-Chic: The Fashion Paradox In the 1960s, the brands started transferring their mass production to the Asian countries. It helped to make the price policies flexible and more available. It proceeded for some time, and the movement â€Å"for ecology† became ethical. Nowadays, a lot of modern brands follow this tendency and produce new collections from eco materials. The concept â€Å"eco-fashion† means the use of eco-friendly raw materials and technologies in clothing production. Owing to their efforts, the principle of Fair Trade, which means a fair attitude towards all participants of the production process, gains popularity in America and Europe (Scaturro 2008). The given essay discusses the eco-fashion, the relationship between fashion and environmental awareness of the consumers, pushing the fashion industry to accommodate the environment concerns of the 21th century. Sustainable Fashion and Relationship between Fashion and Environmental Awareness If earlier only politicians took care of fair trade and ecological goods, nowadays, manufacturers and buyers of clothes try to apply eco-friendly methods of production and demonstrate social responsibility. The tendency towards eco-friendly products or sustainable fashion extended on the world of fashion, as well. Today, more and more fashion designers create the â€Å"correct† and â€Å"eco-friendly† clothes. The motives, promoting such a shift, are not entirely altruistic. Consumers demand the goods they buy to be made in a way that does not cause damage to the environment or to workers producing these goods. Often, they are ready to pay more for the â€Å"ecological† products or goods relating to the category of â€Å"fair trade† (Adolphson 2004). The Ethical Fashion Forum is a community of those, who are not indifferent to the future of ethical fashion. Eco-brands, designers, suppliers, consultants, producers and non-profit organizations united for the solution of the common problems of ecological responsibility. The Ethical Fashion Forum includes the designers-innovators and multibrand shops, the production of which can be bought via the Internet or during trips to Europe. All of them observe the principles of the sustainable production to a greater or lesser extent (Ethical Fashion Forum 2014). The joint efforts of the representatives of the industry and the authorities led to the growth of the coalitions in the United States and Great Britain. These coalitions pursue the aim to estimate the influence of the fashion industry on the planet and to carry out search for the socially responsible methods in its reduction with a simultaneous growth of the profitability of fashion companies. The Sustainable Apparel Coalition, located in the USA, unites the brands of the fashion industry, non-profit organizations and environment protection agencies. Such brands as HM and Wal-Mart are among the founders of the coalition. The activities of the organization are aimed at the creation of an index for the measurement and assessment of compliance to the requirements of socially and ecologically responsible production in a segment of the fashionable clothes and footwear. The part of this index includes a search for the technological innovations, which will allow the industry to become socia lly responsible in the environmental direction (Sustainable Apparel Coalition 2014). The Concept of Eco-Fashion Eco-fashion is also called â€Å"ethical†, as it is produced with the consent of nature with the ethical attitude to people and environment. Eco clothes are produced without the use of skin or fabrics of an animal origin. For example, footwear and bags from vegetable skin might be made of the rubber of Amazon, instead of a skin of animals or processed or artificial materials. Ethical fashion is fashion that has been produced with respect for people and the environment. Although there are existing certifications for Organic and Fair Trade, we want to encourage companies who are taking significant action but don’t qualify for certification (Palmer et al. 2012). Eco-fashion includes the following directions: Hand-made. The products made by hands, for example, an embroidery, keeping primordial traditions; Clothes, made-to-order is a qualitative product, which can be used for a long time, unlike mass fashion, which is often disposable; Products made in accordance with the International Labour Standards, at observance of the rights of workers, without attraction of a child labour and reasonable prices; Organic natural fibers grown up without pesticides and other toxic materials, preserving human health and environment; Recycled everything made of already existing or recycled materials, fabric, metal or fiber. Old products can be altered, remade for the new ones; Vintage/Second-Hand. Vintage is the general term for the clothes created during the period from 1920 to 1975, which can be actual at present. Nevertheless, this term is often used for second-hand clothes; Chemicals-free. The chemical dyes and bleaches should not be used in the production process of ecological clothes (Earley 2007). Eco-fashion is not simply clothes from ecological fabrics. It is the whole concept, ideology, and a way of life. There are the following signs by which the clothes are considered to be eco-friendly: A great attention is paid to human health and a state of environment during production. The care for the improvement of life and working conditions of people, respect for work and worthy payments; A respect for cultural diversity and traditions of different people. Eco-fashion promotes preservation and restoration of traditional techniques, such as embroidery, weaving, knitting, etc.; Certification of fabrics by the special organizations; The clothes made by the 3R concept: reuse, reduce, recycle; Ethical clothes: refusal of the use of fabrics of an animal origin (genuine leather and fur) (Hopkins 2009). Fast Fashion Fast fashion is updating of the brand’s assortment several times during a season. It becomes possible due to the copying of the ideas of the world leading designers. It is most often applied in a mass market. Such brands as Zara, HM and TopShop are the main representatives of fast fashion. Fast fashion means an instant adaptation to new trends copying of the successful models of higher segments a fashion market and their delivery to the market of mass production (Tokatli 2008). In the fast fashion segment, the stocks of fashionable clothes are treated as food which have an expiration date and can be quickly spoiled. Producers quickly update the assortment and offer clothes at the height of fashion at low prices, changing the assortment more often than the main classical seasonal collections are issued. The expenditures from the fast change of the assortment are compensated by sales volumes. Sales are reached by about 10% of goods, in comparison with 80% at more expensive desi gn brands (Joy et al. 2012). The fast-fashion strategy of copying was used by the Spanish brand Zara. At present, the brand does not spend money for advertising, but regularly spends money for the trials with owners of companies whom the models were borrowed from. In the first Zara store, the cheap doubles of the clothes of the known Fashion Houses were presented. At that time, the founder of the company Amancio Ortega considered that slow update of the assortment is the main problem of the development of business. More than ten years later, the revolutionary model of clothes production and distribution was found out (Niinimaki 2010). Owning to the new computerized scheme, the company could reduce time from the design of fashionable clothes up to its coming in the market to 10-15 days, in comparison with the standard half-year. Instead of giving the whole work to one designer, Zara formed the internal team of designers, the quantity of which made more than 200 people by the end of the 20th century. Contrary to the standard norms of the fashionable industry, the brand controls all the stages of the technological process of goods production design, production and distribution (Barnes Lea-Greenwood 2006). Fast fashion seriously changes the attitude of people to shopping. If earlier people went to clothing stores once a month or two, now they are compelled to come weekly, knowing that there can be novelties, which will not lay on shelves for a long time. It helps clothing companies to support high sales and avoid the need to arrange sales, which consequently reduce profit. The scheme of companies’ existence is the same: a retail network, selling only one brand, debugged logistics, cheap production and fast update of collections. Collections in shops are updated each two weeks, not considerably, not completely, but customers always have the feeling of the novelty of models in a store. It warms a consumer demand up. Such networks are much faster than the luxury ones: the thing from the sketch to a hanger goes only two months, whereas in luxury brands this way can last for a year. Own outsourcing production and shops allow these networks to enter the flexible system of discounts an d have their own warehouses (Joy et al. 2012). Marks Spencer and HM Sustainable Programs The first steps in the sphere of responsibility of textile production were taken by the companies making clothes from hemp. Such brands as Hemp, Hempy’s caused an interest only among specific audience, remaining in the shadow for mass market. However, the increasing number of brands departs from the stereotypes and proves that fashion business can be both stylish and socially responsible. In January, 2007, the largest British retailer Marks Spencer declared the start of the Plan A Program, assuming the struggle for the ecological reputation by 100 points of charge of violation of the ecological balance in the world. Since 2010, MS established 62 factories, including points on the reduction of emissions of carbon dioxide (due to the increase of energy efficiency of shops) and cooperation with eco-friendly factories worldwide. One of them, located in the territory of Sri Lanka, manufactures the ethic collection of the organic silk, cotton and jersey created in collaboration with Eco-Boudoir in 2009. This collection broke the popularity records in Britain. Similar factories with the equipment, twice lowering a water consumption and energy by 40%, were opened in Bangladesh and Wales by MS (Hamed 2013). According to Green Retail Decisions (2014), Marks Spencer put the following goals in the sphere of sustainable fashion: â€Å"By 2020, the retailer has also vowed to: Procure 50% of cotton from sustainable sources; Ensure 75% of all MS food comes from eco and ethical benchmarked factories; Derive 50% of the energy used in the U.K. and Ireland stores from small-scale renewable sources; Reduce the U.K. and Ireland store refrigeration gas emissions by 80%; Target a 35% reduction in water usage in MS stores and offices† (Green Retail Decisions 2014). The Swedish brand HM was among the first brands in the segment of a mass market which started using organic cotton. After the entrance into the Organic Exchange, the charitable organization supporting the use of eco-friendly textiles, started promoting the organic chemistry not only for children but also for adults. Since 2004, the HM Company included 5% of integrally grown up cotton into some elements of a kids wear, generally from Turkey and India (Environmental Leader 2013). In 2005, HM became the member of Fair Trade Association, and in 2006, the company was recognized as one of six largest world companies, giving preference to the â€Å"green† dyes and materials. There is no natural fur in the HM collections. During 2005 and 2006, there were about 40 tons of organic cotton annually, and in 2007, HM created the new collection made of 100% organic cotton, and its use made 600 tons. In 2008-2009, this figure grew even more, promising to make 50% of all used materials. Besides, the company composed recycled cotton and wool, and the even processed plastic PET bottles (Forbes 2013). The plan of the future sustainable fashion on HM states: â€Å"Conscious is our plan for creating a better fashion future. It’s built on seven commitments and hundreds of Conscious Actions: We have collected 3,047 tones of garments. That’s the equivalent of about 15 million t-shirts; We have used the equivalent of 9.5 million plastic bottles of recycled polyester; All our regular shopping bags are made from recycled plastic† (HM 2013). Fair Trade Fashion People Tree In materials processing, only natural dyes, for example, powders of natural minerals, flower pollen, juice of berries and other natural raw materials are used. Chemical dyes and bleaches are completely excluded. An important role is played by an ethical aspect of a question of production: the principle of Fair Trade. It is a fair attitude towards each participant of the production process. The whole production should correspond to the international standards of work, which assume the observance of workers’ rights, a ban for the employment of minors and child labour (Niinimaki 2010). The People Tree Company is one of the pioneers of eco-friendly fashion. Since 2007, such supermodels as Helena Christensen, Lily Cole, Shalom Harlow and Anne Watanabe appeared in the People Tree clothes in Japanese Vogue. Unlike the majority of Eco brands, People Tree, founded in 2001, quickly got popularity owning to the identity of its founder, Safia Minney, who was the founder of the Fair Trade movement. People Tree does not use artificial dyes and synthetics, preferring the recycled materials. The things of brand are made only in the countries of Southeast Asia. Earlier, People Tree distinguished only ethics, but after the cooperation with Thakoon, Topshop and the actress Emma Watson, whom Safia sent to Bangladesh, it started to produce its own product (Beard 2008). Designers and Materials Genuine leather and fabrics of animal origin (all types of skin, ivory, fur, baleen, a horsehair, etc.) are not used in the production of eco clothes and footwear. For example, at production of footwear natural materials surpass artificial, such as vegetable skin, obtained from plant juice of a hevea (from Amazon). Eco-clothes should correspond to the concept â€Å"biodegradable†, which means that clothes should decay in order not to pollute the planet. Also, clothes and accessories from the recycled materials are urged to reduce the level of pollution on the planet (it can be processing and synthetics). The prefix â€Å"eco† assumes that a producer establishes fair goods prices, which correspond to real production expenses and are not directed at the reception of excess profit (Eco Fashion World 2014). Designers: Sarah Ratty, Katherine Hamnett The Ciel brand drew attention to itself in 2007, when Sara Ratty, famous for the work with the Conscious Earthwear Brand which received attention of the Victoria and Albert Museum, received the Ethical Fashion Awards. Sienna Miller, Eve Hertsigova and Cate Blanchet were the followers of the brand as the jackets, dresses and womanly, almost air jersey with the French dusting (â€Å"ciel† from French means â€Å"sky†) appeared on the pages of the Italian and British editions of Vogue. Since 2011, Ciel got the line of organic cosmetics and underwear. In order not to spend precious eco fabrics in vain, Sara Ratty organized the waste-free production (assuming total upcycling of the jersey remains), and not only out of organic cotton, but also out of alpaca wool, silk and flax. The various Ciel’s prints on t-shirts and dresses are in an active demand they are put with the dyes, not containing nitrogen, that is harmful to skin (Bonini Oppenheim 2008). The design for Katherine Hamnett was always the mean of the political statement: it is enough to remember a t-shirt with an inscription â€Å"58% do not want pershing†, which she put on for the meeting with Margaret Thatcher, protesting against the placement of rockets in the territory of England. However, Katherine launched the campaign for the education of the industry, but, having realized a vanity of own efforts, simply broke the contracts with all suppliers. In 2004, Hamnett starts a new brand with ethic motives. Since then, Katherine uses only organic cotton, produces it in accordance with the principles of fair trade and with suppliers, worthy of her trust. The main thing is that she started controlling her production completely and cooperates only with her adherents. Thus, in 2013, the designer created the line of jewellery from the â€Å"ethically extracted gold and diamonds† for the Cred brand the first European fair-trade retailer of jewellery, and also presented a capsular collection of the beachwear for Yooxygen the Yoox.com joint project and the International Green Cross. Eco Materials Eco clothes are produced on the basis of exclusively natural fabrics, which include silk, flax, cotton, hemp, wool, etc. At the same time, it is impossible to consider clothes made on the basis of raw materials, grown up in the adverse conditions with the use of chemicals to be the environmentally friendly. Thus, cotton does not belong to the environmentally friendly raw materials if it is grown on the plantations processed by dangerous pesticides. In the modern world, a special attention is paid to this fact; therefore, producers of eco clothes buy cotton, flax, fur only from the checked and reliable enterprises. It should be noted that goods belonging to eco clothes should correspond to the environmentally friendly production by composition. The manufacturing companies bear responsibility for any attempts of the fake of natural fabrics and are obligatory exposed to the penalties in especially large sizes. The quality of organic clothes is usually better than the quality of clothes of mass production. Organically grown cotton, hemp and flax are used in textile production in increasing frequency. The plants for fabrics are grown up without the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides, and, therefore, reduce the risk of pollution of ground waters. Such fabrics will also decay naturally after they are thrown out. In order to increase durability and service life of organic fabrics, their fibers are often mixed with other fabrics. At present, organic fabrics are quickly spread in two main directions. First of all, it is greenwashing. Many companies declare themselves as eco brands, but in practice they only improve some production links. The fabrics from ecological cotton are softer and are comfortable to wear. In order to receive the label â€Å"organic†, the product should consist of at least 95% out of the certified organic materials. In order to correspond to the standard, producers should refuse solvents, toxic heavy metals, genetically modified seeds or such chemicals as formaldehyde. All sewage should be cleared, production wastes should be processed, and the used bleaches should have an oxygen basis. Eco fabrics possess very attractive useful properties, hypoallergenicity is one of them. Organic cotton is the most universal and popular fabrics among designers. Owning to a careful collecting and processing organic cotton differs by a higher quality and easy structure, and is very pleasant to the touch. The clothes made out of cotton make people comfortable: in summer it is cool, in winter warm. However, according to Greenpeace, 20% of pesticides and 22% of the insecticides made around the world are used for cotton processing. Thus, a solid share of chemical components is put to each cotton item (Brunger 2012). Bamboo fabric is favourably distinguished by the environmental friendliness, softness, durability and ease. Also, it is capable to support an optimum heat exchange and to protect from the ultra-violet radiation and bacteria. Moreover, the cultivation of a bamboo improves the quality of the soil and can even restore it after the erosion. Besides, the bamboo has some very useful qualities: it easily keeps heat in frosts, but, at the same time, provides a good ventilation, helping a body to remain cooled in a hot weather. Linen fabric possesses antibacterial properties, helps to improve a blood circulation in an organism and to raise vitality. Owning to fine hygroscopic properties, linen is especially popular in summer collections. A natural silk is very light and pleasant to the touch, capable to dry and warm a skin (ideal for people with the increased perspiration), and also is useful for people with blood circulation problems. Wool possesses excellent heat-shielding properties, keeps heat well, and cashmere fabric is very light and pleasant to the touch. The fabric from a nettle differs in a good wear resistance, antistatic, antiseptic and temperature-controlled properties. Visually, such fabric is similar to linen, however, it differs by the gloss. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a compound polyester, used for production of the diverse packing for products and drinks, cosmetics and pharmaceutical means. The PET materials are irreplaceable at the production of audio, video and x-ray films, car tires, bottles for drinks, films with high barrier properties and fibers for fabrics. The main area of the use of PET in the world is the production of polyester fibers and threads. A broad application of PET started in the 1960s from the production of textiles. Since then, the demand steadily grows, first of all, in the developed countries. There is an extremely rapid growing demand in the PET market in the majority of regions. Polyester fabrics are produced from the polyester threads. An increase in demand for PEF was caused, first of all, by a lower prime cost in comparison with the other types of chemical fibers and threads. PET does not concede to polyamide by durability and lengthening, and even surpasses it; it also surpasses the most form-resistant natural fiber wool, has a low hygroscopicity and a high thermal stability, which is an advantage in the production of technical fabrics. Polyester textile fibers are used for the production of yarn polyester and are widely applied in the production cotton, linen and woollen fabrics. Polyester textile threads are used in the production of a wide range of various types of materials: lining, costume fabrics, etc. (Brunger 2012). Eco Labelling Eco labelling is a sign, found on the packing of the goods, which passed examination and proved an ecological safety and a high quality. Eco labelling was created, on the one hand, to give a reliable criterion of a choice of qualitative production to the consumer, and, on the other hand, to help producers of ecologically safe production with the advance of their goods and increase of competitiveness in the market. Eco labelling and marking is one of the instruments of the ecological management, which is an object of the consideration of a complex of the ISO 14000 standards (namely ISO 14020 14024) (Eco Fashion World 2014). The eco labelling existing in the world can be divided into the following groups: Information on environmental friendliness of production in general considering the whole life cycle of its production; Information on the environmental friendliness of separate properties of production. It also includes the signs reflecting the absence of the substances, leading to the reduction of an ozone layer around the Earth; the signs on consumer goods reflecting the possibility of their utilization with the smallest harm for environment, etc.; Eco fashion and eco clothes compose a new area, which has started its active development in the world recently and represents a huge interest for the future. It assumes a new mentality, respect for the nature and a person, and a reasonable use of natural resources. Today, the subject of eco fashion becomes more and more popular and more and more designers produce eco fashion collections. The percent of consumers of eco-fashion grows slowly but steadily. The American and European fashion industry is full with the eco events shows of eco-friendly clothes within the fashion weeks or separate thematic shows. Eco clothes are not only fashionable and stylish clothes, but also very ethic.

Definition and Examples of Conditional Clauses

Definition and Examples of Conditional Clauses In English grammar, a conditional clause is a type of adverbial clause that states a hypothesis or condition, real (factual) or imagined (counterfactual). A sentence containing one or more conditional clauses and a main clause (which expresses the result of the condition) is called a conditional sentence  (also known as a conditional construction). A conditional clause is most often introduced by the subordinating conjunction if. Other conditional subordinators include unless, even if, provided that,  on condition that, as long as, and  in the case of. (Note that unless functions as a negative subordinator.) Conditional clauses tend to come at the beginning of complex sentences, but (like other adverbial clauses) they may also come at the end.   Examples and Observations If we had no winter, the spring would not be so pleasant; if we did not sometimes taste of adversity, prosperity would not be so welcome. (Anne Bradstreet, Meditations Divine and Moral)Romans park their cars the way I would park if I had just spilled a beaker of hydrochloric acid on my lap. (Bill Bryson,  Neither Here Nor There: Travels in Europe. William Morrow, 1992)Even if it snows, even if there is a tornado, nothing will put off this expedition. (J.F. Powers, Death of a Favorite, 1951)After that first taste of the sandal in the dining room, I foolishly believed I would be safe as long as I stayed away from the table. (Adrienne Kress,  Alex  . Weinstein Books, 2007)and  the Ironic GentlemanIf you can keep your head when all about youAre losing theirs and blaming it on you,If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you,But make allowance for their doubting too;If you can wait and not be tired by waiting,Or being lied about, dont deal in lies,Or being hated, dont give wa y to hating,And yet dont look too good, nor talk too wise...(The first stanza of Rudyard Kiplings If- , 1895) What Are 'Conditions'? Conditions deal with imagined situations: some are possible, some are unlikely, some are impossible. The speaker/writer imagines that something can or cannot happen or have happened, and then compares that situation with possible consequences or outcomes, or offers further logical conclusions about the situation. (R. Carter,  Cambridge Grammar of English. Cambridge University Press, 2006) Stylistic Advice: Positioning Conditional Clauses Conditional clauses have traditionally been placed at the beginning of a sentence, but you should feel free to place a conditional clause elsewhere if doing so would make the provision easier to read. The longer the conditional clause, the more likely it is that the provision would be more readable with the matrix clause rather than the conditional clause at the front of the sentence. If both the conditional clause and the matrix clause contain more than one element, you would likely be better off expressing them as two sentences. (Kenneth A. Adams,  A Manual of Style for Contract Drafting. American Bar Association, 2004) Types of Conditional Clauses There are six main types of conditional sentence: For example, the equilibrium between liquid and vapor is upset if the temperature is increased.(General rule, or law of nature: it always happens.)If you start thinking about this game, it will drive you crazy.(Open future condition: it may or may not happen.)But if you really wanted to be on Malibu Beach, youd be there.(Unlikely future condition: it probably wont happen.)If I were you, I would go to the conference center itself and ask to see someone in security.(Impossible future condition: it could never happen.)I would have resigned if they had made the decision themselves, she said.(Impossible past condition: it didnt happen.)If he had been working for three days and three nights then it was in the suit he was wearing now.(Unknown past condition: we dont know the facts.) (John Seely,  Grammar for Teachers. Oxpecker, 2007)

Comparision of Retirement Plans for employees working in the private Essay

Comparision of Retirement Plans for employees working in the private sector vs employees working in the public sector - Essay Example The similarities and differences in the retirement benefit plans, including taxation of pension as well as the profit sharing plans, between the private and the public sector are critically analyzed and explored in detail. According to Gucciardi (2009), the pension plans of the public sector workers are stable and offer the workers certainty during their retirement period. The public sector recently made changes in its plan to improve the benefits the personnel receive. The public sector employers are responsible for almost all the contributions made to the pension system on behalf of their employees. Generally, the public sector workers are responsible for less than one percent of the contribution costs with their employers responsible for in excess of 99 % (Gucciardi, 2009). The private sector pension plan is different from the public one in that it is mainly based on defined contributions, unlike the defined benefit employed by public sector. Majority of private sector employers provide their personnel with the defined contribution plans. On the other hand, the majority of the public sector employers provide their workers with defined benefit plans (Gucciardi, 2009). The public sector provides its employees with both the defined contribution as well as the defined benefit plan. Conversely, the current trend indicates that the private sector is shifting away from the defined benefit to defined contribution plan. Further, the public sector employees receive subsidized health insurance benefits upon retirement, whereas the private sector employers do not offer such benefits to their retirees (Falk, Acs, Carrington, Dahl, & Jimmy, 2012). The number of private sector employers providing medical benefits to the retiree has declined considerably in the past decade. Over this period, the public sector employers have increased their medical benefits to the retirees despite the challenge of getting adequate funds to meet the