Accounting in Global Organisations-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Talk about the Challenges of Accounting in Global Organizations. Answer: Presentation: The accompanying section dives in to the bookkeeping framework and its difficulties that the worldwide association faces during their business exhibitions. Truly, a few components have been distinguished and the issues have just been talked about in the primary section. This part would rely upon the significance of the examination on different academic articles and the themes that have just been tended to partner the picked point. With steady contention and counter contention on the important exploration works, this section would attempt to discover the missing connections in relationship with the difficulties of bookkeeping. Obviously the administration bookkeeping experts should guarantee adjustment of the adjustments so as to keep pertinence with the intensity later on circumstances and practices in bookkeeping area. Various components have been distinguished that would decide the act of bookkeeping of the worldwide associations in PAN world. These variables are: the adjustments a s far as innovative mediation, changes as far as business reaction, change canister fabricating rehearses, auxiliary chain of importance, ecological components and authoritative elements. Presentation of Global Capital Market and Its impact on Accounting: Worldwide capital market and the downturn have indispensable connection with one another. The worldwide procedure of bookkeeping has a standard kept up by a large portion of the worldwide capital organizations. Actually, rise of the capital areas in economy has direct effect upon the bookkeeping framework. For example, the downturn of 2008 had destroyed the whole business areas and their financial practices. because of unexpected ruin of the estimation of the cash and the vicious of tremendous number of the representatives, the bookkeeping rehearses encountered an abrupt change. The organizations felt gigantic difficulties to carry on a similar method of measurement. In the year 2010, the worldwide capital market confronted an immense recuperation having been bolstered by the value showcase capitalisation. In this perspective, the bookkeeping framework ensured that the capital market and its quality stays unblemished in the up and coming years. In any case, it can't to be guaranteed that changes would not be influencing the current bookkeeping exhibitions. Since nobody can anticipate the adjustments in the market as far as the method of income and financial cycle, it is very hard for the capital businesses to discover quick potential approaches to battle the difficulties of bookkeeping. Inspite of solid market rehearses by the associations in 2009 and 2010, bookkeeping in the exchanging parts has been very rushed. There raised the issue of believability. Worldwide Financial Crisis and Accounting: Bookkeeping rehearses are significantly embroiled in relationship with the progressing budgetary emergency in various nations. So as to recapitalise the quality of the money related establishments as far as interceding in to the reality of elite of the associations, the bookkeeping rehearses are too be set under specific norms. As per Rajhi Mala and Parmod Chand, FVA (Fair Value Accounting) is a factor to undermine the combination of bookkeeping rehearses over the world. In spite of the fact that FVA has been acknowledged by International Financial Report Standards, it has certain misfortunes that would scrutinize the validity of the equivalent. Global money related emergency, yet in addition the individual monetary emergency of the nations is emphatically tended to by IASB (International Accounting standard Board). Maintainability in Accounting: Business maintainability and social obligation of the corporate lead the associations in to the act of effective measurement of income inside the organization. Be that as it may, International Federation of Accountants has distinguished a few difficulties relating to the bookkeeping with adequacy from the working duty alongside ecological and corporate commitments. As per IFAC, the organizations face certain difficulties as the workers are not seen as adaptable with regards to the matter of bookkeeping. Three key measurements have been found by various researchers and even by the individuals from IFAC. These are financial practicality, social prosperity, and obligation related with the earth. Since the bookkeepers work in their separate regions to discover the significance of installing the elements of manageability both social and corporate, they have to get a handle on the progressions related with the undertaking they are qualified for do. It has been seen that the representatives the bookkeepers are enthralled inside a specific hover as they are probably going to stick to the principles and arrangements set by the associations (Ifac.org 2017). The Inequality impressions of Nations: There isn't sufficient uncertainty in the way that salary imbalance exists both between the countries and inside the countries. There has been an understanding in the way that there is a chance of an expansion in both the cases. The general reasons for disparity are certify differently to factors like normal asset ownership, administration and struggle alongside the adjustments in the innovation, cost of transportation and globalization. As per the UN, imbalance can be expressed as an issue of social equity alongside it being danger to political, practical and social steadiness over the globe (Alsamawi et al. 2017). Components to the factor of imbalance like the shocking worldwide results as flimsiness that lies socially, strategically and financially has certain suggestion for the worldwide activity. There has been absence of any reasonable arrangement identified with this issue and the distinguishing proof of disparity alongside the results it carries with the dedication. Purchaser dollar rivalry has had the option to drive interest for less expensive administrations and products. The discussion that exists around the reasons for the imbalance inside nation and inside the nations it has been rising or falling has stayed unsolved. Accusing of the awful governments in nations like that is for the most part speculation of issues. Worldwide organizations have been working with these countries. Worldwide exchange is for the most part about the relationship of the merchandise between the organizations situated in different nations rather than the progression of the products between the nations, so the organizations ought to be assuming the fault for supporting and misusing the factor of difference (Reyes, Lenzen and Murray 2016). The disparity impression can offer an instrument in helping the following of the imbalance worried in products as they have been moving the world over. Elective Accounting: In the year 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) proceeded to give four announcing alternatives for improving the U.S. By and large Accepted Principles (GAAP) for the private associations. In the current situation, the FASB is making things simpler for the private associations in choosing the elective bookkeeping or revealing strategies by killing the idealness appraisal. Little GAAP: For a large portion of the years, the private associations alongside their partners have been griping about FASB and its provide food a lot into the greater and open associations, overlooking the private and littler organizations having less entangled issues in budgetary detailing. Along these lines, in the year 2012, the Financial Accounting Foundation (parent association of FASB) perceived the Private Company Council (PCC). The primary job of its is the change of regions of GAAP that are dubious for the private associations and exhorting the ways FASB could make the guidelines progressively more straightforward, without exchange on the unwavering quality factor of the data offered to the clients of the budget report (Biondi and Giannoccolo 2015). The FASB closed down four elective choices of revealing: a. Bookkeeping Standards Update (ASU No. 2014-02), Intangibles-Goodwill and Other: Accounting For Goodwill. In this other option, private associations may be choosing amortization of altruism over period not surpassing 10 years, rather than testing it on yearly reason for mutilation. ASU No. 2014-03, Hedging and Derivatives: Pertaining for Certain Receive-Variable, Rate Swaps of pay-Fixed Interest-Approach of Simplified Hedge Accounting. This would encourage the non-monetary private associations in choosing a simpler form of support bookkeeping while at the same time utilizing basic pace of enthusiasm trading to bolt fixed-rate credits. ASU No. 2014-07, Consolidation: Pertaining Uneven Entities of Interest Supervision to Common Manage Leasing Arrangements. This option rearranges the combination prerequisites of detailing of lessor in a portion of the characterized organizations letting exchanges. ASU No. 2014-18, Business Combinations, Accounting for Particular Intangible Assets in Business Combination. This mix would absolve the private associations from distinguishing certain difficult to-esteem assets of elusive nature, similar to intangibles that are client situated, while they would purchase or converging with different associations (Christensen and Nikolaev 2013). At the hour of issue of these options initially, organizations didn't choose an option at the very latest the date key for idealness of the option as expressed in Accounting Standards Codification Topic 250. Focusing on Global Accounting Standards: From the year 2001 till 2011, the International Accounting Standard Board (IASB) alongside its International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), obtained the deepest situation in the activity and guideline of the budgetary treatment over the globe. As a one of a kind example of a private portion body circumstance of the principles with the legitimate power inside a few purviews (Albu, Albu and Alexander 2014). The ascent of the IFSB into prominence has been accompanied by the discussions of distinctive political nature about the administration and the factor of responsibility. Correspondingly, the creative endeavors

Evils of Monarchy and Society in the Works of Mark Twain Essay

The Evils of Monarchy and Society in the Works of Mark Twain   â â In the last piece of his life, Mark Twain built up a profound pull scorn for society.â His adages regularly mirror this hatred: Each one is a moon and has a clouded side which he shows to nobody (Salwen n.pag.).â This contempt for mankind in the long run situated itself in complete objection for what he called the cursed human race.â Twain's analysis for society showed up in a large number of his works, becoming more grounded and more grounded as time passed.â Hand close by with his aversion for society went his disdain for the upper class.â In every one of his works, Twain makes a topic of appearance versus reality and at last draws out his cruel analysis of governments.  Through such regal analysis, Twain remarks on American development, assaults society's goals, and ambushes familiar ways of thinking.   â â The Prince and the Pauper has regularly been discounted as simply one more kids' book.â It is viewed as Twain's first involvement in verifiable fiction, which essentially drove into Twain's progressively well known work, A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court.â However, Twain begins to show his objection to governments in this book.â Edward, the Prince of England, and a typical poor person kid, Tom Canty, switch garments and characters, tossing each into a social circumstance with which he isn't familiar.â Through the accounts of every kid, Twain brings out two subjects that mirror his perspectives on government and society.â Underlying the experiences of Tom Canty is Twain's joke of the possibility that garments decide a man's place in society.â As Twain once stated, Garments make the man. Bare individuals have next to zero impact in the public arena (Clothes n.pag.).â Tom Canty accept the job of King of Engl... ...n.â Boston: Twayne, 1988. Lynn, Kenneth S.â Afterword to The Prince and the Pauper. Imprint Twain Quotations - Clothes.â [Online] Available: <http://www.tarleton.edu/~schmidt/Clothes.html> (May 22, 1999) Imprint Twain Quotations - Monarchy.â [Online] Available: <http://www.tarleton.edu/~schmidt/Monarchy.html> (May 22, 1999) Salomon, Roger. B.â Twain and the Image of History.â Yale University, 1961.  Rpt. in Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 48.â Detroit: Gale,  1993. Salwen, Peter.â The Quotable Mark Twain.â [Online] Available:  <http://salwen.com/mtquotes.html> (May 4, 1999) Twain, Mark.â The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.â Tom Doherty, 1985. _____.â A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court.â New York: Penguin. _____.â The Prince and the Pauper.â New York: Penguin, 1964.

Borrowing Part 2 U.S. Citizens and Permanent Residents COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Borrowing Part 2 U.S. Citizens and Permanent Residents COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The following post is part of a three part series written by a member of the admissions and financial aid staff, Colin Sullivan. ______________________ To participate in the Federal Direct Loan Program, US citizens/permanent residents must first complete the FAFSA (Free Application for Federal Student Aid) online at http://www.fafsa.ed.gov to determine their eligibility. From there, they have three options: 1. Federal Direct Stafford Subsidized/Unsubsidized loans: * $20,500 annual limit = $8500 subsidized, $12,000 unsubsidized * 6.8% fixed interest rate (“fixed” meaning for the life of the loan) * 10 year standard repayment term, beginning 6 months after graduation or separation 2. Federal Perkins loans: * $6000 annual limit for graduate students * 5% fixed interest rate * 10 year standard repayment term, beginning 9 months after graduation or separation 3. Federal Graduate PLUS loans: * complete entrance counseling and Master Promissory Note * take cost of attendance and subtract other financial aid awards = maximum amount you can borrow * 7.9% fixed interest rate * must pass a credit check, and not have any adverse credit history (e.g., 90+ delinquencies, bankruptcy discharges within past 5 years, default, foreclosures, tax liens, etc) * 10 25 year repayment term, beginning 60 days after final disbursement, but may be deferred while enrolled at least half-time Should any fellowships and federal financial aid fail to cover your total cost of attendance, you may then opt to apply for private education loans. In many cases of private lending (depending on your personal finances and credit history) a credit-worthy cosigner may be required, while your interest rate and repayment terms could vary significantly. Additionally, you cannot consolidate federal and private student loans together. International students, stay tuned; we will post your borrowing options in the coming days.

The Illuminati and the New World Order Conspiracy Essay

The Illuminati is a secret society that was established in the late 18th century. Not long after it was created, it was supposedly abolished completely. However, many people believe that the Illuminati still exists today. While the Illuminati is an exceedingly broad topic with many conspiracies involved, the supposed actions of the modern-day Illuminati and the New World Order conspiracy theory are the main topics. Whether someone believes the Illuminati exists today or not does not change the fact that the Illuminati did, in fact, exist in the late 18th century. The Illuminati, a secret society, was founded in 1776 by Adam Weishaupt (â€Å"The Illuminati† par. 1). Adam Weishaupt was a former Jesuit [type of education and a branch off of†¦show more content†¦3). Despite the fact that historians think it was abolished completely, they cannot be entirely sure. Quite a few people believe that, contrary to what historians say, the Illuminati still exists today in a stronger form. According to the Illuminati, the Napoleonic Wars were caused by the Illuminati even though, by this time in history, they were supposedly non-existent (â€Å"History of the Illuminati† par. 3). Other areas that people say the Illuminati affects or controls today might include: music, world banking, economy, the United Nations, and even the United States itself. â€Å"The Illuminati tactic is to divide and conquer by supplying arms and money to both sides and instigating people to fight and kill each other in order to be able to achieve their objectives† (â€Å"The Illuminati Cult† par. 3). According to this source, the Illuminati gives reason to attack another country or group by causing some sort of catastrophic event and then giving each side what they need to just fight against themselves. â€Å"†¦the Illuminati worked out a blueprint f or three world wars throughout the 20th century that would lead to a one world government by the end of the 20th century† (â€Å"History of the Illuminati† par. 5). This source then continues to say that the third world war will be against the Jews and Muslims and â€Å"will drain the international community toShow MoreRelatedConspiracy Theories Surrounding The Assessination of John F. Kennedy1743 Words   |  7 PagesConspiracy theories surround the average human in the world of education. Whether the average person chooses to ignore them or to accept them is one thing, but before any one person should put their faith in any one conspiracy theory, you must first study all the facts of that specific theory. There are hundreds of conspiracy theories that have been nagging at humanity for years; however, there are three main conspiracies that stick out more than others. The first being the JFK conspiracy theoryRead MoreThe Illuminati Of Real And Do They Have Influence On Us Today?1616 Words   |  7 PagesIs the Illuminati for real and do they have influence on us today? The name Illuminati was introduced to me a few years back. After listening to the person that spoke of it and doing a brief search, I was truly puzzled as to whether this was fact or fiction. I asked my parents and a few friends, and they had never heard of the secret Illuminati society. Some friends were aware, and stated that they had been exposed to the concept in their church youth group meetings. I did someRead MoreEssay on illuminati outline775 Words   |  4 Pagesbe talking about the Illuminati, It is a very complicated topic, But i have been researching for about 3 months now and I just am so interested. C. Statement of Relevance: The illuminati is all over the entertainment news. D. Thesis: Hopefully by the end of my speech yall can understand it more. E. Preview Statements: the Illuminati is a very complex topic but Im just going to try and have the basics of how it began, the purpose, conspiracy, and finally how the illuminati is in our music industriesRead MoreZachary Hinck 4/24/14 WTRG 1150 The Freemasons Conspiracy For generations and throughout the1700 Words   |  7 Pages Zachary Hinck 4/24/14 WTRG 1150 The Freemasons Conspiracy For generations and throughout the United States history one conspiracy kept plausible. The question whether or not the Illuminati is present in our world today. They are the top players in the world professional playground, which include 13 bloodlines which are extremely rich, and they are the individuals who want to control the world from behind the scenes. Besides the 13 Bloodline, there is also hundreds of other men, with a few exceptionsRead MoreThe Secret Of The Illuminati1506 Words   |  7 PagesStates, the existence of one conspiracy has remained prominent for generations and still this day remains a mystery. This conspiracy has shown proof of Illuminati symbols everywhere; but, it seems unknown whether these symbols and accused proof are reliable or just coincidence. Illuminati is a , â€Å"One world government, in which every nation will be destroyed, to be led by the few powerful men of the Illuminati† (Melanson). The underlining belief is that the Illuminati is composed of big shots whoRead MoreThe Illuminati : A Great Deal1379 Words   |  6 PagesMost researchers are under the impression that the Bavarian Illuminati is convertible to the Brotherhood, hence the most familiar condition for the Power Network is now The Illuminati. The United States has been bipartite up into septenary major geographical provinces. They trust that past is a game, copy chess; that only out of strategy, fighting, conflict, and proof can the robust emerge. So, what is the Illuminati and the conspiracy around them? What do they deficiency? And, likely the strengthRead MoreEssay The Assassination of John F. Kennedy718 Words   |  3 PagesJohn F. Kennedy. JFK was one of the most loved presidents of our time. One article of his death wrote, The day the country weeped(John). The JFK assassination is filled with many conspiracy theories that cannot be proven to be exact facts. Such theories include a Government cover-up†CIA†, Mafia influence, The I lluminati, and Gay Thrill Kill Theory. The idea that lone mind, Lee Harvey Oswald, plotting to kill President Kennedy is too simple to believe. There’s No way that Lee Harvey Oswald acted aloneRead MoreThe Illuminati1378 Words   |  6 PagesThe Illuminati Some of the biggest men in the United States, in the field of commerce and manufacture, are afraid of something. They know that there is a power somewhere so organized, so subtle, so watchful, so interlocked, so complete, so pervasive, that they better not speak above their breath when they speak in condemnation of it (Woodrow Wilson, The New Freedom 1913). As Woodrow explains the secrecy and power that are near and can be felt is in reference to the Illuminati. The IlluminatiRead MoreThe History of the Illuminati Essays557 Words   |  3 PagesThe word â€Å"Illuminati† has been used a lot by historians in the past one thousand year to name secretive groups that existed and operated during the past few centuries. One of the more important secretive groups and the most famous Illuminati Illuminati was a term first used by Spanish occultists toward the end of the fifteenth century to signify those alchemists and magicians who appeared to possess the â€Å"light† of spiritual illumination from a higher source. The Spanish referred to these alchemistsRead MoreWhat is the Illuminati? 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The Trenches Of World War I - 1355 Words

Introduction: World War 1 changed the world around it. More men fought than one could comprehend. World War 1 almost destroyed an entire generation of men. The battlefield for Australians were lined with trenches filled with disease, pests and the fallen where they had medical aid. They experienced traumas not yet known commonly at all. The war was not embellished for its inhumanity in its time but as we see now the men and women who helped with the war effort lived with fear of death, disease and infection. What Were the Trenches? Why was a System of Trenches Employed? In World War 1 trench warfare began. Trench warfare was a method of fighting where apposing armies fought from and defended their territories using a system of dug out†¦show more content†¦Were Men from all Armies Involved in Trench Warfare? At Which Battle Sites Were Trenches Dug? The Allies consisted of- Serbia, Russia, France (Raymond PoincarÃ' ), Romania, Belgium, British Empire (David Lloyd George/George V), United States (Woodrow Wilson), Italy (Vittorio Emanuele III/Vittorio Orlando), Brazil, Greece, Japan, Liberia, Montenegro, Portugal, Romania, Australia. The Central Powers consisted of- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire. These powers and allies fought each other on the Western Front, Eastern front, in Gallipoli, and France. The Western Front, Eastern Front and Gallipoli had trenches protecting them. What Were the Conditions Like for the Soldiers in the Trenches? Trenches were infested with rats, disease and mud. Rats infested the trenches. There were two kinds of rats- black and brown. Brown rats were the most feared as they gorged on more human flesh and could grow to the size of a small dogs. This quote describes rats perfectly- Great, sleek, corpse-fed rats ran in squads between our legs and over our feet as we stood. Their obscene squeaking could be heard at all times. Some men conceived an unmeasured hatred of these loathsome things, and were always trying to slaughter them. I wondered, as I stood, did they picture themselves as those scattered corpses- a prey to these. Imagination is decidedly not good for a soldier. It is one of the things Kipling forgot to tell us- George Mitchell. Disease

Mahayana Buddhism Free Essays

Asian Behavior and Thought 10/16/12 Study Guide 7 – Mahayana Buddhism 1. What are the four sublime states? 1. Boundless love is related to friendliness. We will write a custom essay sample on Mahayana Buddhism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Buddhists cultivate love that is unconditioned and unlimited, based on the knowledge that all are one in the ocean of love. 2. Boundless compassion is the intense fellow feeling one should have for all living beings who suffer through pain, anxiety, ignorance and illusion. 3. Sympathetic joy- moves one to seek out happiness and prosperity of others and rejoice with them. . Equanimity – is the sense of nonattachment to self and to the world that the arhat achives by following the path of transformation and rooting out all desire and clinging. 2. What is Early Buddhism’s view of material well-being? Buddhist vision for society is the fundamental principle that all types of people are equal and that honor depends not on circumstances of birth but on moral and spiritual achievement?. ( is this the answer) 3. How does the ethical life of lay persons compare with that of monks and nuns? Lay people – There are many scriptures that spell out practical guidance and concrete disciplines for the good life. There are five percepts that leads the good life of compassion, love and fulfillment. 1st percept is the principle of nonviolence – concept expands not only to humans but also to animals. 2nd percept is not to steal – concept expands to avoild all forms of cheating, dishonest dealings to gain advantage over the others etc. 3rd percept is refrain from wrongful sexual relation – concept expands to be married and have sexual intercourse in the right way. th percept is refrain from wrongful speech that would cause others hatred, enmity, dishmarmony. And 5th percept is refrain from drugs and liquor because it can cause breaking of other percepts. Monks and nuns – has to follow high level of detachment from those material, economic and social attachments that characterize life for lay people. They have 10 percepts. 1. Taking life, 2. Not s tealing. 3. Sexual misconduct 4. Lying. 4. Drugs and liquor 5. Drugs and liquor 6. Earing after noon 7. Watching shows, singing and dancing 8. Using adornments of perfumes etc. 9. Sleeping in a high bed and 10. Handling gold or silver. 4. Outline an overview of the general spread of Buddhism through Asia. Theravada (ways of elders) came to be dominant in South Asia and South east Asia (especially in Srilanka). Mahayana (greater vehicle – one reaching the goal was being broadened to include others, even lay people) Buddhisim spreaded throughout the lands of East Asia ( monks and missionaries brought Buddhism to China than from China it spreaded to Vietnam, Korea and Japan). Vahrayana (diamond vehicle or tantrism) was accepted in Tibet and 1 Japanese Buddhist school. 5. How is Mahayana Buddhism distinguished from Early Buddhism. Mahayana discarded the narrower concept of the arhat as the one reaching the goal was being broadened to include others even laypeople. Al can be equally on the path toward achieveing Buddhahood While Theravada(early Buddhism) only focused on original teachings of the Buddha. 6. In Mahayana Buddhism what is a bodhisattva? Bodhisattva- being who is intent on becoming fully enlightened in Mahayana Buddhism, one who reaches enlightenment but vows to continvue rebirths in samsara to assist others. 7. How does the conception of Buddha change? The Mahayana group expanded the conception of who or what the Buddha is. They emphasized that Buddha is really the eternal power of the Dharma and that this Dharma body of Buddha is universal. Dharma body is the only real body of Buddha and it is ultimate reality. 8. What is the relation of nirvana to samsara? Nirvana is freedom from samsara and therefore, is a permanent, unconditioned state. Nirvana is not in any sense like God but Nirvana is a reality experienced within as it were a state of unconditioned freedom. 9What are the meaning of emptiness (shunyata) and â€Å"suchness† (tathata)? Emptiness is actually the common predicate of all dharmas. Emptiness means the absence of own being, where own being means something existing through its own power and having an immutable essence. So emptiness is really the same as the truth of dependent co-arising. Mahaynnists point out that not only are all conditioned dharmas empty but also the unconditioned reality of nirvana is empty. This leads to the idea that both Nirvana and samsara is empty there is no difference btw them. Suchness is seeing the world as it really is. Karuna – Buddhist ideal of compassion Pure Land – focusing on worship of AMitabha Budhha, with hope of reincarnation pureland paradise. Amitabha – heavenly Buddha who presides over the pure land Buddha realm Chan – school of meditation Buddhism in China, Korea. Zen – important school of meditation Buddhism in japan Lotus Sutra – imp. Early scriptures ofMahayana Buddhism. Vajrajana – Damond Vehicle, tantric tradition of Buddhism especially in Tibet and Japan. Mandala – painting of cosmic Buddhas or a symbolice cosmos, used especially in Vajrayana Buddhist ritual and meditation. Dharma – teachings of budhha ependent co-arising (dependent origination) – central Buddhist teaching that everything is conditioned by something else, that all reality is interdependent. Three Bodies (Trikaya) – Dharma body – universal Buddha essence. Bliss Body – heavenly Buddhas and Transformation body – human manifestations of Buddha. Mahavairocana  œ great sun Buddha IITuesday, October 23. Tibetan Buddhism. In class video: The Reincarnation of Khensur Rinpoche Read: Ch. 6: pp. 103, 106-108. Iyer Pico on the Dalai Lama (on Blackboard). [2nd ed. Ch. 6: 95, 98-100] 1. What are some of the special characteristics of Tibetan Buddhism? The religious specialists were the lamas. Tantric Buddhists actively engage with their feelings, emotions and imagination. For example, during meditation they will imagine what it was like to be the Buddha in a certain place or time. 2. Based on Pico Iyer’s presentation, how would you describe the Dalai Lama? 3. What stands out most to you personally in Iyer’s presentation? Why? Lama – spiritual masters often thought to be living gods Dalai Lama – head of the Geluk Tibetain Buddhist school, traditionally recognized as spiritual and political leader of Tibetans. How to cite Mahayana Buddhism, Papers

Types of Leadership Styles free essay sample

Types of leadership styles from management can make or break an organization. On the other hand the behavior of employees can make or break an organization. The challenge lying in this is employees potentially will show reluctance in terms of achieving the organization objectives. These issues can be overcome by using an appropriate leadership style. A particular leadership style could help to resolve problems of employees in terms of the working culture and the issues faced by the employees in the organization. The paper will analyze the concept of leadership, within Smith and Falmouth. Smith and Falmouth is a mid-size tele-shopping and mail order network. Smith and Falmouth has operations in the US and Canada. Smith and Falmouth started an e-tailing and SF online six months ago. These two new business endeavors will be crucial to Smith and Falmouth growth over the next three years. Bringing a product to market quickly, has forced the SF online CEO to bring together a web development and logistic team to take on this task. We will write a custom essay sample on Types of Leadership Styles or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To resolve this issue, leadership will have be the effective tool to help direct the employees and at the same time, allow the employee to cope with the changing environment. This will allow the organization to achieve the set goals or the objectives. On the basis of the relationships between the employees at Smith and Falmouth, one could assume the structure of the organization is informal. Blah stated informal organizations have very loose structures. People can become members freely and sometimes spontaneously; relationships are undefined and the sharing of responsibility and involvement of members will vary considerably. An informal structure also states that the organization does not follow a set standard. Informal organizational structure does not adopt pre-determined ways to operate smoothly and efficaciously. It was also observed that Smith and Falmouth culture was found to be informal. This assumption derived from the relationships between the employees and the key members at Smith and Falmouth. Furthermore, due to the informal organizational culture at Smith and Falmouth, the firm was unable to increase efficiency with their supervision and communication procedures. It is very important for a firm to be effective in the communication process. From my perspective communication is the fabric of an organization. Communication in organization can help gain knowledge regarding the affairs of the company. In terms of the decision making, it can be said that if the communication process is loose, it will create further problems in the firms objectives. Team work at Smith and Falmouth and the coordination of key members such as the COO will be needed to work upon bettering communication. This is a major problem with Smith and Falmouth and it is essential to ponder and find out the solution in order to remove the barriers relative to the organizational culture (Poole, 1999). The hierarchy of Smith and Falmouth encompass the Chief Operating Officer, Project Manager, Marketing Manager, Logistics Manager, Logistics Team and, the Web Development Team. This was observed on the basis of the relationships built among them. This can be better comprehended with the help of the Sociogram that depicts that all the key players are answerable to the Chief Operating Officer; all the key players show an attitude of coordination towards each other. The logistics team is supervised by the Logistics Manger and the Web Development Team is guided or directed by the Project Manager. There stands a good relation between the Logistics Manager and the Web Development Team. This is considered to be the special case as the Logistics Manger takes keen interest in the technological matters and this makes the Logistics Manager and the Web Development Teams relation much cordial (University of Phoenix, 2009). The current culture at Smith and Falmouth need to be restructured. This should be carried out on the basis of using the control methods, so that the efficiency of the organization can be progressed. The control methods that can prove fruitful for Smith and Falmouth in making it more competent in attaining the specified goals and the objectives are departmentalization. Smith and Falmouth can use departmentalization to group teams according to a specific product or service, thus placing all activities related to the product or the service under one manager. Furthermore, each major product area in the corporation is under the authority of a senior manager who is specialist in, and is responsible for, everything related to the product line. Last, this control method can be used as proficient tool for removing the hurdles that are found at Smith and Falmouth, such as communication. My recommendation for Smith and Falmouth is to divide the work load properly among employees and examine the span of control over employees. From span of control perspective, this will allow management to analyze the activities of the employees and to check out their efficiency in terms of accomplishing the tasks delegated to them. Another recommendation is to engage delegation of authority. This will give human resources the authority to fulfill their responsibilities in a proper manner. Furthermore, management practice at Smith and Falmouth should be to concentrate upon building trust upon the employees and to delegate the work in accordance with the potential of the staff. If Smith and Falmouth work upon these recommendations, it would prove to be beneficial for the organization as it will prove successful in terms of developing the coordination between the employees and the organization. The workers will also feel galvanized and attached to the organization. In conclusion the size and the new structure could influence Smith and Falmouth in a positive or negative manner. With the adoption of these methods and the applications, it could potentially affect stakeholders and stockholders of Smith and Falmouth. If Smith and Falmouth is able to improve and refine the coordination, efficiency of the channels of communication, the organization will prosper two moving forward. If Smith and Falmouth can engage the new structure recommended, they will earn a reputation and recognition among human resources. The customer will be attracted towards the products and the services of the corporation. The product sales will also augment and this will provide recognition to the company in terms of increased productivity and profitability. The shareholders, suppliers and the customers are going to be fascinated towards the companys growth. This as a whole proves profitable for the organization and makes it work with full efficiency and accountability. References Erven, B. L. (n. d. ). Organizing. Retrieved December 18, 2009, from http://www. ag. ohio-state. edu/~mgtexcel/Organize. html Hendry, C. (1995). Human Resource Management: A Strategic Approach to Employment. Butterworth-Heinemann. Miner, J. B. (2007). Organizational Behavior. M. E. Sharpe. Organizational Behavior. (2009). Retrieved December 18, 2009, from http://www. nwlink. com/~donclark/leader/leadob. html Poole, M. (1999). Human Resource Management: Critical Perspectives on Business and Management Critical Perspectives in Business and Management. Routledge. University of Phoenix. (2009). Human Relations and Organizational Behavior. [Computer Software]. Retrieved December 18, 2009, from University of Phoenix, rEsource, Simulation.

The play Skellig Essay Example For Students

The play Skellig Essay I got the chance to watch the play Skellig at the Old Rep Theatre in Birmingham. The play is about Michael, a boy who has to cope with a house move, a newborn baby sister fighting for life and old Skellig, the ungrateful, arthritic tramp discovered in the garage of the new house who is also thought to be an angel. In this essay I will talk about how the actors used the stage, voice and movement to show the characters feelings and emotions throughout the play. The play begins with the familys first day at the house. The towering spiral of junk that depicts the house from basement to attic is used for every scene in the play. If looked at in detail, the spiral of junk wouldve included: an old freezer; piles of old newspapers and books; cardboard boxes; old furniture and ripped up clothes. The whole set was just dark browns, darks blues and dark greens which portrayed the gloom of the play. We will write a custom essay on The play Skellig specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The first one to enter the scene is Michael. Whilst he does a monologue that tells his story so far the rest of the cast pick up instruments to play the music and effects during the monologue. This perhaps portrays the closeness of the family on which the play is based because everyone is on stage at that part of the play. It added a contrast of cheerful music to the dark set and it also included the audience in the play. Michaels voice changes as he begins to talk about his sister. He speaks with a nervous tone of voice as he begins to move very carefully, suggesting perhaps that his sister needs very gentle care at the moment. His father tries to repair and clean the danger-filled garage as best he can which includes a horrible toilet. However, the garage is so wrecked that Michaels father warns him not to go inside. His tone of voice, at that moment, is louder but only shows an attempt to threaten his son and not to suggest that he has power over Michael because later on in the play Michael goes into the garage regardless of his fathers warning. When Skellig is introduced into the play, he is seen by Michael as a strange human-like creature that seems to have almost wasted away. Neal Foster (Skellig) spends most of the play sitting still to emphasise the severity of Skelligs arthritis. When Michael asks him what he is, he simply answers, Nothing. Absolutely nothing. He uses this answer to almost any question asked by Michael and he always expresses this line with stiffness and anger in his voice. This could also represent his arthritis condition. Michael decides to take care of Skellig and asks if there is anything he could do for him. Skellig demands aspirin and states two numbers, 27 and 53. Michael doesnt understand the meaning of he numbers but decides to help in any way he can. There is a big change in levels of the characters in the play. At the beginning of the play, when Skellig is vulnerable and in pain, he is always lower than any other character. Skellig gradually gets higher and at the end of the play, Skellig is the highest and therefore with more power over other characters. Later on in the play Michael meets a girl named Mina who lives next door. She is home schooled, and is very interested in nature and poems by William Blake. They become very close friends and Mina takes Michael to an abandoned house where a lot of owls live. The top of the towering spiral is used as the abandoned house. As Skellig becomes accustomed to and more tolerant of Michael, Michael decides to introduce him to Mina. They decide its best to move him into the abandoned house, due to the fact that Michaels father is going to tear down the garage in a matter of days. This is a very emotional scene, because for the first time Skellig is moved in the play and the audience understand his fear and pain. .u789fe207ba98f5eeec40fcd09bc67e73 , .u789fe207ba98f5eeec40fcd09bc67e73 .postImageUrl , .u789fe207ba98f5eeec40fcd09bc67e73 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u789fe207ba98f5eeec40fcd09bc67e73 , .u789fe207ba98f5eeec40fcd09bc67e73:hover , .u789fe207ba98f5eeec40fcd09bc67e73:visited , .u789fe207ba98f5eeec40fcd09bc67e73:active { border:0!important; } .u789fe207ba98f5eeec40fcd09bc67e73 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u789fe207ba98f5eeec40fcd09bc67e73 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u789fe207ba98f5eeec40fcd09bc67e73:active , .u789fe207ba98f5eeec40fcd09bc67e73:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u789fe207ba98f5eeec40fcd09bc67e73 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u789fe207ba98f5eeec40fcd09bc67e73 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u789fe207ba98f5eeec40fcd09bc67e73 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u789fe207ba98f5eeec40fcd09bc67e73 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u789fe207ba98f5eeec40fcd09bc67e73:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u789fe207ba98f5eeec40fcd09bc67e73 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u789fe207ba98f5eeec40fcd09bc67e73 .u789fe207ba98f5eeec40fcd09bc67e73-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u789fe207ba98f5eeec40fcd09bc67e73:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Act 4 Scene 1 is the dramatic climax to the play EssayMina is a very important character in the play and has a lot of impact on how the play progresses. At the first meeting with Michael, she is standing higher then him. However, during the play they change levels so that Michael is sometimes higher but at the end of the play they are on the same level.  Skellig begins to heal and become what would appear to be an angel. He gives Michael and Mina a mystical experience in which they can see ghostly wings sprouting from each others shoulder blades. The three walk in a circle holding hands and looking directly into each others eyes. This scene is based purely on mystery and religious imagery. Although we do not see any wings appear, both Michael and Mina say they can see each others wings which could suggest that they are imagining the wings or maybe angel wings would not be seen to the human eye. The final scene is the most emotional one. Michaels baby sister comes dangerously close to death. Her mother comes to stay at the hospital and prays. That night something mysterious happens and her mother dreamt of seeing a man come in and pick up the baby. She tells Michael and his father about what happened. Cross-cutting is the technique used in this scene to show the audience what happened in her dream. As the mother speaks of the dream, everyone else is silent and very still. Skellig makes all the movement and gestures Michaels mother describes. His facial expressions change from deep thinking to being happy for the baby girls survival. Skellig walks up on the top of the towering spiral in the middle of the stage and disappears from the scene. The flashback is over and Michael realizes Skellig was an angel.  In conclusion, the play Skellig is a very emotional play and the actors use voice to show the feelings of the characters. They use the stage to a full extent to show how Michael grows up throughout the events of meeting Skellig to having to choose between friends to receiving a pair of angel wings. Raw emotion contrasts with moments of great tenderness, and an audience of schoolchildren gave it noisy applause.

The majority of the World’s population now lives in an urban area. Critically evaluate the impact of this change both globally but also for the countries of the South. The WritePass Journal

The majority of the World’s population now lives in an urban area. Critically evaluate the impact of this change both globally but also for the countries of the South. Introduction The majority of the World’s population now lives in an urban area. Critically evaluate the impact of this change both globally but also for the countries of the South. Introduction Urbanisation is inevitable change   The relationship between urban change and urban povertyUrban environmental concerns: a case study of Bangkok, ThailandConclusion   ReferencesRelated Introduction UN-Habitat Report ‘State of the World’s Cities 2008-2009’ pointed that, more than half of the world’s population are people who live in the cities. Over 90 percent of urban growth is occurring in the developing world. Asia will retain the majority of the world’s urban population, account for 63 percent by 2050. During the next two decades, the urban population of the world’s two poorest regions- South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa- is expected to double. A number of Asian countries, such as the Philippines and Indonesia, also have very high rates of urbanisation; by 2020, Indonesia is expected to have five mega cities: a metropolitan area with a total population in excess of 10 million people, and by 2025, its level of urbanisation will reach 68 percent. This global phenomenon is the result from the process of urbanisation. The trend and pace of urbanisation is compounded with various factors and marked by regional disparities. The primary factor is natural population growth, whereas another factor is the combination of rural-urban migration, infrastructure development, and other powerful socio-economic and political processes, including globalisation which drives urbanisation across worldwide (Williams, 1983). Urban growth is the rate of growth of an urban population. It is different to urbanisation which is the process by which there is an increase in proportion of a population living in places classified as urban: the movement from a rural to urban area. Population growth and city size are underpinning urban growth; which is integrated and dynamic process bringing parts into a whole. The data from UN-Habitat can be implied that half of the world’s population will be settle in urban area, especially cities. This trend led to urban transition or urban change that much involve with the scale and rate of urban growth, global economy and development issue. This essay will define the characteristic of urbanisation; examine its changing trend in both positive and negative impacts that resulted from this change. It will also critically evaluate the important urban issue that should be addressed firstly on a case study of Bangkok, Thailand, then conclusion. Urbanisation is inevitable change     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Urbanisation or urban drift is the physical growth of urban areas as a result of global change. This term is defined by the United Nations as a movement of people from rural to urban areas with population growth equating to urban migration (United Nations, 2004). Urbanisation is inevitable for development and rural to urban migration can serve as a form of poverty alleviation, provided governments support and facilitate the initiatives of the migrants in both the place of origin and destination. Owing to improvement in transport and better communication, rural to urban migration is no longer a one-time move by and entire family to an unfamiliar destination. This improvement also facilitates contacts by migrants with their place of origin and circular and return migration. As countries develop, rural to urban linkages tend to become stronger (UN-HABITAT, 2003). Small cities and towns can play an important role in regional development and be tter population distribution, it governments support local initiatives by developing basic infrastructure and services. Rapid urbanising countries are spread across the world, and represent a wide range of social, economic and geographical contexts. It resulted in term of urban growth which is attributed to both population growths; refers to natural growth and rural and urban migration, and city growth; refers to infrastructure improvement and city size expansion (Henderson, 2002). Urbanisation contributes to sustained economic growth which is critical to poverty reduction. The economics of scale and agglomeration in cities attract investors and entrepreneurs which is good for overall economic growth. Cities also provide opportunities for many, particularly the poor who are attracted by greater job prospects, the availability of services, and an escape from constraining social and cultural traditions in rural areas. However, urban population growth does not always ensure urban economic growth. The urban poor are often rely on the informal sector for their survival and therefore undertake casual or uns killed labour, or even unregistered and illegal work (Amis, 2004). This weakens their rights and benefits, and constrains their capability to escape poverty. The relationship between urban change and urban poverty   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A number of Asian countries have very high rates of urbanisation; 15.4 percent of total population lived in urban areas in 1950 and will have increased to 49.7 percent by 2025 (Asian Study Centre, 2010). The mega-urban regions of Manila and Jakarta have a number of population over 21 million each, while Bangkok has more than 10 million.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Population density can help ensure lower per capita costs for delivery of basic services and easy access to information. Citizens may find it easier to mobilise around shares problems and pool resources to find solutions (Overseas Development Institute, 2008). Urban centres provide economic advantages and job opportunities. Urbanised countries tend to have higher incomes, more stable economies and institutions and are better able to withstand external economic shocks and volatility. Unfortunately, the global economic downturn is seem to increase the number of jobless in the urban migrants who have involved in unskilled labour firm or unregistered and illegal work. There are also pressing environmental concerns associated with urbanisation, evidenced in most of the world’s energy is consumed by urban settlements. Moreover, they are also generates the bulk of the waste in urban areas. It can be said that urban refers to a context, not a specific area or sector; urban issues are multi-sectoral and require integrated approaches that address a wide range of human needs for people living in urban settlements. It has special relationship between urban growth and poverty in term of development (Asian Development Bank, 2004). Urban change has some particular features. Firstly, the scale of change is unprecedented. Secondly, the rate of change is rapid. Finally, the nature and direction of change is more dependent on the global economy; the capitalist context (Sassen, 2001; Yeung, 2000). It can be said that urban change is resulted by urbanisation; which is driven by globalisation. Many of these factors are obviously related. Urban change refers to a context, not a specific area or sector; urban issues are multi-sectural and require integrated approaches that address a wide range of human needs for people living in urban settlements. It can be cause of urban trend; which is linked to some particular aspects of development both socially and economically as following: Unemployment; a large number of workers in developing countries, including a high proportion within urban areas, operate within the informal sector, which often entails casual or unregulated labour that can be illegal or even dangerous (Amis, 2004). The global economic downturn is in creasing the number of jobless worldwide and the urban poor are likely to be affected (DFID, 2009). Social exclusion; urban poor face social exclusion on various levels. The marginalisation stemming from status as a slum dweller may be compounded by discrimination based on gender, ethnicity, religion, disability, and HIV status. The specific groups such as street children and HIV/Aids are particularly vulnerable (UNICEF, 2002). Climate change and the environment; poor people living in cities in developing countries often live inadequate areas such as flood-prone or water-logged areas and are vulnerable to losing their houses due to rising sea levels or natural disasters. Some live without access to safe drinking water and proper sanitation and faced the environmental pollution (IIED, 2009). These urban trends is challenge to urban development, it offers the chance for greater focus on the urban context. This challenge is heightened by the fact that adequate responses to urban change impacts are likely to depend on strong and committed local government and communities. Urban environmental concerns: a case study of Bangkok, Thailand   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The urbanisation process is an important force driving to urban growth in Southeast Asia region. It seems to have been accompanied by excessively high levels of concentration of the urban population in very large cities. Thailand is estimated to be about 43 percent urbanised by 2006, and will have 50 percent of the population living in urban areas by the year 2015 (NESDB, 1998). Bangkok is a megacity which has grown rapidly in its 200 years. As in many developing countries, economic development has been accompanied by severe environmental and social problems. Bangkok’s path of urbanisation has focus on economic development almost exclusively on Bangkok, which has grown as a primate city to more than 30 times the size of the next most substantial urban centre (BMA, 2009). Its growth related to uncontrolled urban growth both in term s of the spread of the city and of successive changes in land use within it. There has been little form al planning (Roachanakanan, 1999). Ongoing environmental degradation and increasing pollution detract from the quality of life of urban Thai people. Urban environmental concerns are also spreading well beyond Bangkok to the broader Bangkok region and other urban areas. There is also a lack of capacity and often initiative to undertake the needed analysis, mobilisation, and action to tackle these emerging problems. With the ongoing focus on economic development at the local level, this situation can be expected to worsen (Poungsomlee and Ross, 1992). Cities can be view as systems involving people’s interactions with one another and with the built environments they have created. The built environments interact with the natural ecological processes of their sites. Intervention in one part of a system inevitably affects other parts. This analysis will divide the impacts into two parts, firstly: the impact on nature; and lastly: the impact on city people. Due to the growing population, demands for water, food, housing, energy, clothing, and consume goods are increasing alarmingly. Rapid population growth not only lesson available calorie supply from food per person but also risks the present food production with pollution (Brookfield and Byron, 1993). The production of these needs water and creates more pollutants. Many Western companies produce their products in Bangkok because of more flexible environmental law and cheaper production costs. This puts extra pressure on the environment of Bangkok. Of critical importance are problems associated with waste water, air quality, and solid waste. Public health is increasingly threatened by declining environmental conditions, especially air pollution in urban centres, about 39 percent of Bangkok residents suffer from respiratory diseases, a rate that is seven times higher than in rural areas (NESDB, 2005). Only about 60 percent of urban solid waste is disposed of to a high standard, with even a smaller proportion being properly handled in the urban fringe areas (BMA, 2009). In the area of waste water, while vast slums have been spent on treatment plants in cities throughout the country, virtually none are operational. Linked to the underperformance of city planning is neglect of managing the built environment in most Thai municipalities, severely affecting quality of life and overall public health and safety. Public participation in decision making is an important urban trend in Bangkok. Due to urban environmental issue, there has not been strong tradition of public participation in the decision-making process at any level. However, with the advert of the new Constitution in 1997, there are explicit provisions for public input into the local decision-making process, especially in managing the local environment and resources. While there is now a strong constitutional and legal basis for civic participation, the reality is much weaker. On the positive side, through the recent â€Å"Small-Medium-Large† programme, community-level planning is being introduced for the first time as a means of better integrating grassroots input into the development process. However, coordination within the municipal development plans is not being encouraged as funding is going is going directly to villages, bypassing the local administrative planning process.    Conclusion      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Urbanisation or urban drift is the physical growth of urban areas as a result of global change. The important force underpinning the changing pattern; described as population growth and city expansion, is driven by globalisation process. Rapid changes are spread across the world, and represent a wide range of social, economic and geographical contexts, especially the developing countries. Southeast Asia region is the significant model of urban growth, it has very high rate of urbanisation resulted in many megacities such as Manila and Jakarta which have a number of population over 21 million each whereas Bangkok has more than 10 million inhabitants. Overpopulation problem has been address to urban concern in some megacities, especially urban environmental issue in Bangkok. Ongoing environmental degradation and increasing pollution are directly affected to Bangkok residents. This put greater pressure on the environment of Bangkok. The critical problem brings about the relationship between people and city, and making them to be one system: intervention in one part of a system inevitably affects other parts. Linked to the underperformance of city planning is neglect of managing the built environment in most urban residents affected quality of life and overall public health and safety. The important trend due to urban environmental issue in Bangkok is increasing public participation in decision-making. With the adoption of the 1997 Constitution and the 1999 Decentralisation Act (amended in 2001) made possibly change to greater public participation. However, the question still ongoing due to increasing concern on good governance of local authority. References Amis, P. (2004) â€Å"Regulating the Informal Sector: Voice and bad Governance†, In Devas, N. (ed.), Urban Governance, Voice and Poverty in the Developing World. London: Earthscan. Asian Development Bank (2004) City Development Strategies to Reduce Poverty. Manila: Asian Development Bank. Asian Studies Centre. (2010) Urbanisation in Southeast Asian Countries. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Brookfield, H. and Byron, Y. (1993) South-East Asia’s Environmental Future: The Search for Sustainability. Tokyo: United Nations University Press. Department for International Development (2009) Eliminating World Poverty: Building our Common Future. DFID 2009 White Paper. Henderson, V. (2002) â€Å"Urbaization in Developing Countries†. The World Bank Research Observer, 17 (1): 89-112 International Institute for Environment and Development (2009) Climate change and the urban poor: Risk and resilience in 15 of the world’s most vulnerable cities. London: IIED. Poungsomlee, A. and Ross, H. (1992) Impacts of Modernisation and Urbanisation in Bangkok: Preliminary Report. Bangkok: Mahidol University. Roachanakanan, T. (1999) Bangkok and the Second Bangkok International Airport: Politics of Planning and Development Management. PhD thesis, Australian National University. Overseas Development Institute (2008) Opportunity and exploitation in urban labour markets. Briefing Paper No.44. London: Overseas Development Institute. Sassen, S. (2001) â€Å"Cities in the global economy†, In Paddison, R. (ed.), Handbook of urban studies. London: Sage Publications. United Nations Children’s Fund. (2002) Poverty and exclusion among urban children. Florence: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre. United Nations. (2004) World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision. New York: United Nations. United Nations Human Settlements Programme. (2003) Promoting the Positive Rural-Urban Linkages Approach to Sustainable Development and Employment Creations: The Role of UN-HABITAT. Paper presentation on FIG Regional Conference, 2-5 December 2003, Morocco. Williams, L.S. (1983) â€Å"The Urbanization Process: Toward a Paradigm of Population Redistribution†. Urban Geography, 4 (2): 122-137 Yeung, Y. M. (2000) Globalization and networked societies: urban-regional change in Pacific Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. BMA Statistic Profile http://203.155.220.118/info/Stat_search/frameENG.asp accessed on 02/04/2011 National Economic and Social Development Board nesdb.go.th/Default.aspx?tabid=92 accessed on 02/04/2011

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 14

Case study - Essay Example It will explore the aspect of euthanasia and its interrelation with the Hippocratic Oath where the doctors have to make a decision whether to save their lives or to let the patients die willingly. It will also explore the issue of legal consent obliged to the patients. The essay argues that doctors have a moral duty to save patients lives according to the Hippocratic Oath. Patients suffering from terminal illnesses sometimes give up and prefer death to pain. John’s case is an example of a patient who has given up and wants death through euthanasia. Hopelessness is one of the factors that associates with euthanasia and is a contributor of early death. It is characterized by the patient’s loss of fighting spirit due to factors such as poor prognosis, pain, undesirable effects of treatment and rapid deterioration of health and advancement of illness. Most patients with terminal cancer usually have a sense of hopelessness and in many times lose the self-control and the self-belief that they can prolong their life. Loss of control makes them to consider decisions such suicide and euthanasia (DeGrazia 42). Other Issues such extreme suffering and high medical bills can easily convince the patient to consider euthanasia. In such a case, the doctors should practice positive psychology and instill hope and optimism that they will do everything in their ability to help the patient recover and continue with life. Doctors should encourage patients to take control of all aspects of their lives and have a fighting spirit. In John’s case, Dr. R and Dr. S should have dissuaded Mr. John H from taking such a decision and that there was still a chance that John would survive. At the time John made such a decision, the two doctors had some chance of trying to improve John’s health even though it was in a deterioration state. It is the role of healthcare providers to provide

Corporate sustainability reporting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Corporate sustainability reporting - Essay Example At the same time, as developments in technology and knowledge are contributing to financial development, they also have the potential to assist resolving the threats and risks to the sustainability of environment, social relations and economies. Sustainability reporting is the kind of practice of disclosing, measuring, and being accountable to external and internal stakeholders for organizational performance towards the objective of sustainable development. A sustainability report should offer a reasonable and balanced representation of the sustainability performance of a reporting company consisting of both negative and positive contributions. The guidelines of Sustainability Reporting comprise principles for defining content of report and guaranteeing the quality of reported information. It also consists of standard disclosures made up of indicators of the performance and other items of the disclosure, in addition to guidance on specific technical and technological topics in report ing. A company’s own sustainability and business policy offers the circumstance in which performance is discussed. The relationship between the organizational strategy and sustainability should be made clear, as should the circumstance in which performance is reported. ... A sustainability report also refers to a single, combined disclosure that offers a balanced and reasonable presentation of performance over a fixed period of time. Stakeholders must be capable to directly access all of the information in the report from a single location, such as a GRI content index. The GRI Reporting Structure is planned to provide a normally accepted structure for reporting on a company’s environmental, economic and social performance. The structure includes the guidelines of the Sustainability Reporting, Technical Protocols, the Indicator Protocols, and the Sector Supplements. Organizational operations connected to operating, entering, and exiting can have numerous negative impacts on local communities. Indicators in the GRI structure, such as economic data or environmental emissions, will offer an overall idea of negative and positive impacts, but may not be capable to present them in relation to local communities. Sustainability reporting must consider ev ery material sustainability topics that are appropriate in understanding how a company can create, erode or preserve value over time. Environmental, economic, and social impacts can turn out to be significant over an extended time period. Reports should be capable to reflect both long-term as well as short-term topics and foreseeable longer-term subjects. A sustainability report thus covers a wider range of subjects than constitutional and statutory reporting needs, consisting of, but not limited to: †¢ â€Å"Impacts on stakeholder groups that are of high significance to them †¢ Opportunities to contribute to broader sustainability objectives †¢ Opportunities to adapt to planned changes in policies and regulatory frameworks† (RG Sustainability Reporting Guidelines, 2000). Once a

Karma And Dharma Are Central To Buddhism Hinduism Religion Essay

Karma And Dharma Are Central To Buddhism Hinduism Religion Essay There are two major influential religions in Asia that are spreading quickly all over the world. They are Hinduism and Buddhism. There is a misconception that surrounds these two words, moksha and nirvana, they are not the same even though the two concepts may appear similar. In the following essay I will distinguish the different understandings and interpretations of these two concepts and then I will compare and contrast the differences and the similarities. The concept of moksha in Hinduism and the concept of nirvana in Buddhism are the central focus of these two religions. Both of these concepts have their different ways of achieving their goal and they have differences. I will  write two different interpretations of moksha in Hinduism and the approaches of two philosophical schools that emerged to teach the approach of how moksa can be attained. I will do the same for nirvana in Buddhism, going into details of different understanding of this concept and I will conclude with an alyzing the similarities and contrasts of these concepts which are followed in the same street, just are located in opposing sidewalks. Moksa itself in Sanskrit language means release and its meaning is to be liberated from the cycles of sansara, reincarnation, and the pains and the suffering of karma by achieving immortality through eternal truth. Different Hindu philosophies schools emerged in India, each with the interpreting their own understanding of moksha. One of these philosophic schools was Vedanta which was divided in different sub schools with each of their own interpretations of moksha.   One of those is Shankars Advaita Vedanta School where they perceive that moksha can be acquired only when the human soul realizes that it is one being with the Brahman. According to them, a person can only achieve moksha when he realizes the truth in himself that his soul is part of Brahman and Brahman is part of his soul, or atman as they name it, and once this dualistic approach has been acknowledged then the person has achieved his true form,  he has been enlighten and has broken free from the cycle of reincarnati on, sansara. The only way a person can do this is by self effort. On the other hand, Ramanujas Vishishtadvaita Vedanta School promoted another approach to achieve moksha. They followed another direction which is worshipping the god Vishnu. Their theistic approach taught people that by recognizing the soul, matter, and God, anyone can obtain moksha  by an easier way which connects people on a personal level with the Supreme Being. Nirvana in Buddhism is understood as the end of suffering. There is not a clear definition of nirvana as it can be understood in many different ways but it is the highest spiritual achievement which dissolves pains, anger, greed, desire and all forms that create suffering. In Buddhism three major central schools emerged to teach the way of enlightenment, and those were Vajrayana, Mahayana, and Theravada but I will focus on the last two doctrines. Theravada doctrine emphasises on the understanding of nirvana can be reached when the person realises the true nature of reality and has an awakening of itself. These people are called arahants. This can be achieved through many lifetime spiritual persuasions of enlightenment where the person has broken off from the cycles of rebirth, and has became a Buddha, a bodhi which has the same meaning as nirvana, the enlighten. Mahayana doctrine on the other hand has developed another understanding of nirvana. They believe that Buddha is not just a human figure but a supreme being that we cannot even perceive of its greatness and helps us achieve nirvana. This means that we are still subject to delusion even though nirvana has been attained, instead bodhi has a higher rank in spiritual achievement and once bodhi has been attained, a person can become Buddha. In Hinduism the concept of reincarnation refers to an eternal element that travels from one life to another. This element takes different forms and shapes of different living things among its eternal life. This is the soul, or the atman as it is called in Hinduism. In contrast, Buddhism has the concept of rebirth which is the continuation of the state of mind in a different human being but not its soul since its explanation is that a lot spiritual events had to happen to create the second life form and yet not a different person due to the causality relation. Thus we can see the difference clearly of Nirvana where there is the realization accomplishment of the discontinuance of individuality and Moksha is the fulfillment acquisition of the truth of the affinity of your soul, atman, and Brahman. In both cases, individuality is lost but in different understanding and interpretations. Both religions have a lot of terminology and even names of deities in common, but in almost every single case, the meaning is actually different both believe in reincarnation/rebirth, but the interpretation is very different; both believe in karma, but the interpretation is slightly different; both believe in samsara (the cycle of rebirth and suffering) and liberation from samsara (moksha/nirvana), but the interpretation is widely different, especially about liberation; both have yoga, tantra, dharma, mantra, and so on, but often mean totally different things with the words; the significance of gods or deities is grossly different in Hinduism several of them are important objects of veneration, even seen as emanations of the supreme God (Brahman), whereas they are never objects of veneration or prayer in Buddhism, only seen as deluded sentient beings who will eventually die and be reborn in a new body just like you and me. They strive for an inner peace, and finally to reach heaven through either moksha or nirvana.

The Origins of Masks

There is evidence that masks have been under the eye of the world for at least 20,000 years. There is evidence to prove this all over the world, which includes paintings on the walls of the insides of various different caves in Southern France, to images also painted or inscribed on the walls of pyramids in the Sahara desert of Egypt. Although our own British culture is extremely different to that of many others around the world, we are becoming increasingly more aware of how and why masks were first invented and the repercussions of them all around the globe. This is due to television documentaries, internet pages, and books at all of our local libraries. It is this point alone which initially brought my attention to that of the African Tribal, Japanese Theatrical and the Viennese Ball masks. Although these are all quite different types of masks, they all have similar reasons for existing, whether it is religious, celebratory, or even to shadow one's identity. By today's standards, many people believe the creation and use of masks to be only that of historical value; however this could not be more wrong as there is in depth evidence all around us which proves otherwise. African Tribal Mask. Example of Bamileke High Priest Mask taken from www.rebirth.co.za For many centuries African Tribal masks, played a major role in rituals, celebrations, ceremonial and tribal initiations. Masking rituals are normally accompanied with prayer, music, song and or dance. After researching the masks of African Tribes people, it is clearly visible that the different types of masks in which they use/used, fit in to eight different categories. However, the one that grasped my attention from the moment I set eyes upon it was the Bamileke Mask. When I first seen this mask I was immediately mesmerised by the fact that where it is reasonably bright and colourful, it becomes increasingly dull when the expressions of the face are observed. This fact initially led me to believe that this type of mask was created for funerary purposes; however this is merely the tip of the iceberg. The Bamileke mask was always worn by the chief of a particular tribe and it was this character that would take up the role of high priest, or chief, enabling him to initiate new-born babies to the tribe, lead celebratory or funerary rituals, lead his army in expeditions of war, harvesting and planting of crops and many more. â€Å"It is believed that when the Tribe leader wore the mask, he was transformed into animal form, primarily elephant, lizard, or buffalo. This allowed him to create a link between the human and spirit realm to seek guidance from his ancestors† (1). This is a prime example of the fact that the Bamileke mask was used for religious ceremonies, however from my own personal research, I think it would be unjust to declare that this mask is of purely religious qualities, because in this unique culture, everything which is done, whether it regards basic human survival techniques, or celebratory events, it is impossible to determine where religious elements come into the equation as they treat everything they do with such high regard. Bamileke masks are always constructed of a mixture of different natural materials. Where most traditional tribal masks were made from clay or mud, which was molded into the shape to fit the wearers face, the Bamileke mask was carved directly from the trunk of a tree which had been blessed by one of the elders before hand. It was then that a mixture of mud and sand was added on top of the wood to allow a suitable surface for painting, adding beads and stones, and in some cases, decorative leaves. Japanese Theatrical Mask. Example of Shikami Mask Taken from www.nohmask.com Japanese theatrical and dance performance masks are known as Noh masks. â€Å"Each individual mask represents a certain person, hero, devil, ghost or legendary animal, depending on what the character is in the performance†2. Masks were first used in Japan, since the Jomon period of time. This period of time spanned from 10,000 B.C; to 300 B.C. Out of all the Japanese masks that I came across while researching them, there was one particular mask that stood out to me above all of the others, the Shikami mask. These particular masks are used to represent a demon, (this can be taken literally or metaphorically, depending on the story line of the play). For example, if the certain play is centered on the afterlife or elements of a more dark, or gothic nature, the Shikami mask would more often than not be taken literally. However if the play was focusing on more modern themes, for example adultery, or murder, the Shikami mask would probably be metaphorical for a person who is to be looked upon as being of a more evil or bad nature. I believe that the way in which the Shikami mask is presented is extremely clever, as on many occasions, it would look like Satan or other dark or demonic characters as they would do so from a stereotypical point of view, in order to make the audience immediately scared or at least weary about them. A basic description which is used across many books and internet sources for a Shikami mask is, â€Å"Fierce scowling face, showing extreme agitation, used for demonic spirit. It expresses masculine rage. The Shikami mask features the application of dark red colour, to crow's-feet and temples of the head†3. Japanese masks are always made of materials such as clay, dry lacquer, cloth, paper, and wood. The Shikami mask in particular is handcrafted from wood, before it is painted in a shiny lacquer. This is done to make every element of the mask stand out. The main surface area of the Shikami mask was always painted bright red, in order to express the anger and ferocious nature of that particular characters aura. The eyes and teeth were always painted bright gold, in order to bring more attention to them rather than anywhere else on the mask, as it was these aspects of it which explained the theme of the mask in more detail. Viennese Ball Mask. Venetian Ball Masks originated from Venice in the 13th century, however the exact year in which they were invented is unclear. The first Carnival of Venice was recorded in 1268 and it was these events in which the masks were initially used. Where as the African Tribal and Japanese theatrical masks are not only harder to come by, but are always a lot more expensive, Viennese Ball masks can be found as easily as looking through your everyday shop windows. The fact that they are always a lot more decorative and fancy in a sense, they are commonly used for public holidays, the most famous of which being Halloween. Example of Renaissance Long Nose mask taken from www.nohmask.com Viennese masks were originally invented so that a certain person, usually who came from an upper class background, could participate in activities which they would not normally do so. There are a wide range of different Viennese masks, some of which merely cover only the eyes, to others which cover the vast majority of the face, and some times even the hair or neck of the wearer. This allows them to engage in certain activities which they would not normally do so, and keeps their true identity hidden from the public eye. In modern day life, there have been many adaptations of the Viennese Ball mask to adequately obtain discretion, for example a balaclava. However this form of discretion has enabled many illegal activities to be completed more successfully, and nowadays they are commonly banned from sale at many major retailers in a bid to try and discourage these things from happening. When they were first invented, Viennese Ball masks were more often than not made with papier machete. This was achieved by taking a mould direct from a person's face, and then building off that. In more modern situations however, plastic or latex was used, as it was simply easier to gain a more precise and accurate version of the design in which the person desired. On most occasions, a mold was created first, using the same techniques of the papier machete way; however melted plastic is then placed in to the mould, effectively making it quicker and in most cases cheaper to produce. A certain Viennese mask which I was drawn to, was the renaissance long nose mask. Considering the time period in which these masks were originally created, it astounds me to even consider how such a complex design was achieved with the tools that they would have had access to. The initial idea of the long, pointed nose was almost a superstition as it was believed to be an imitation of the devise which was used to hold vinegar in around the time of the bubonic plague to hold off the disease, or at least the bad odors of the sick or dying. Conclusion. From the research which I have gathered about these three different masks, I have discovered that although they all originated in extremely different circumstances, the reasons for their creations are not all that different. It is clear to me that whether the reason for the masks' being is to allow someone to transform into animal form in order to get in touch with their spiritual or ancestral roots, or simply just to shadow someone's everyday personality, they have been put their, in place in order to allow a person to change their usual form; almost a form of escapism. It ha also come to my attention that whether it regards masks, or any other aspect of a certain culture which is different to our own, they are most definitely not to be underestimated no matter what time period in which it derives from.

Job Satisfaction, Work Attitude Essay

As stated by Black (2001), teachers’ stress is rising due to such factors as greater time constraints, low salaries, excessive work overloads, lack of involvement in decision – making and problems with school disciplines. Teachers suffer, due to in part of to the low-pay-high-cost-of-living gap. Decisions handed from the top down leave teachers feeling like more trainers than educators. Teaching in low performing schools should be a rewarding experience, yet these schools are labelled failures. These are confounded as some educators are seen publicly lambasting others. The education community is on edge. With all the finger pointing and name calling, it is a wonder teacher can push this negativism out of their minds while they turn their full attention on their students (Nichols, 2006). Furthermore, a nationwide survey conducted by the Rural Editorial Service of the University of Chicago reported in July 2006 that job satisfaction depends also such factors as the community’s attitude toward them and the schools, the quality of educational leadership, the amount of responsibility granted to teachers, adequate housing facilities, teacher welfare benefits, and others. In point of fact, there were signal improvements in teachers’ conditions of service throughout the year. New or liberalized retirement plans were authorized by well over half the states, and class registrations were reduced to thirty in Maryland and Arkansas. In the Philippines, one of the major problems in the Department of Education is the shortage of trained and competent teachers. Major reason of this shortfall is that a number of trained teachers turn to other types of employment and some went abroad for greater employment opportunity. Generally, as observed that some teachers are disillusioned, demoralized and confused at being forced to carry out unpopular Government policies, while being constantly blamed for the society’s ills. Some factors might have created dissatisfaction amongst teachers will probably include references to discipline problems created by unruly pupils, class sizes, the introduction of the National Curriculum, and lowered professional status. Additional factors also include level of salaries and benefits, increased work-related pressures, like having too many forms to be filled up, the here and now changes of different proposed programs of the department, the concern over employment security like the most recently problem on the Government Security Insurance System (GSIS) and lessening support for education on the part of political opportunities. As someone who has spent many years working as a schoolteacher at the same time a School In – charge in one of the schools in Davao City, and had continually work closely with teachers especially in the schools in the interland. I have observe that some teachers are somewhat fed up with having to teach children in even larger classes, working in schools which are dilapidated, underfunded and overstretched. Taking in to account that most of these teachers are working away from their home and family and could only go home weekly, or the least once a month due to the distance of the schools they are assigned. However, districts located in the hinterland such as Paquibato, had most number of teacher applicants every year. Reason of this scenario could be the fact that many teachers are applying for transfer to the nearby schools after a one or two years of service and that applicant could be hired easily. Nevertheless, some teachers had tenured in this district up to their retirement period and some had flourished and raised their professional status and positions. The ground for conducting this study is that it is intended to shed light on what influences how teachers feel about their work and profession so that positive job-related attitudes may be cultivated. Theoretical Background The Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, a motivation theory, laid the foundation for job satisfaction theory. It is founded in the premise that goals or needs underpin by being the fundamental source of all desires. This theory explains that people seek to satisfy five specific needs in life – physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, self-esteem needs, and self-actualization. In the levels of the five basic needs, the person does not feel the second need until the demands of the first have been satisfied, nor the third until the second has been satisfied, and so on (Evan,2010). According to Hackman & Oldham (2007), Frederick Herzberg’s Two factor theory (also known as Motivator Hygiene Theory) attempts to explain satisfaction and motivation in the workplace. This theory states that satisfaction and dissatisfaction are driven by different factors – motivation and hygiene factors, respectively. An employee’s motivation to work is continually related to job satisfaction of a subordinate. Motivation can be seen as an inner force that drives individuals to attain personal and organizational goals. Motivating factors are those aspects of the job that make people want to perform, and provide people with satisfaction, for example achievement in work, recognition, promotion opportunities. These motivating factors are considered to be intrinsic to the job, or the work carried out. Hygiene factors include aspects of the working environment such as pay, company policies, supervisory practices, and other working conditions. However, Path-Goal Theory contends that the leader must motivate subordinates by: (1) emphasizing the relationship between the subordinates’ own needs and the organizational goals; (2) clarifying and facilitating the path subordinates must take to fulfill their own needs as well as the organization’s needs (google. com,2010) Another well-known job satisfaction theory is the Dispositional Theory (Jackson April 2007). Accordingly, it is a very general theory that suggests that people have innate dispositions that cause them to have tendencies toward a certain level of satisfaction, regardless of one’s job. This approach became a notable explanation of job satisfaction in light of evidence that job satisfaction tends to be stable over time and across careers and jobs. Moreover, a significant model that narrowed the scope of the Dispositional Theory was the Core Self-evaluations Model, proposed by Timothy A. Judge in 1998. Judge argued that there are four Core Self-evaluations that determine one’s disposition towards job satisfaction: self-esteem, general self-efficacy, locus of control, and neuroticism. This model states that higher levels of self-esteem (the value one places on his/her self) and general self-efficacy (the belief in one’s own competence) lead to higher work satisfaction. Having an internal locus of control (believing one has control over herhis own life, as opposed to outside forces having control) leads to higher job satisfaction. Finally, lower levels of neuroticism lead to higher job satisfaction (Wikipedia,2010). Evans (2001), gives eight stages progression for a teacher moving from a modest level of job satisfaction towards a higher level of job satisfaction towards which is helpful. These are the following: first is being aware that there is a problem. Being aware that there is an issue, and agreeing what issue is, is by far the most important aspect of seeking to change a situation. Then devising a strategy. Once they know what the issue is that they are addressing they can start work on devising a strategy to solve it. It is followed by effecting the new strategy. It means that once they have decided what to do, they have to start work on implementing this strategy. Fourth stage is awareness of having made changes work. This implies that there is excellent communication in school. Next stage is perception that this is all worthwhile. By this stage everyone needs to start feeling better about the work being undertaken. Then sixth stage is each teacher needs to feel good about his or her own contribution to the scheme of change. In this way, teachers become not only positive about the change programme, but they also see their contribution as being significant. Seventh is a sense of achievement. This comes from the feeling of a job well done. Lastly is job fulfilment and job comfort. By this stage teachers feel good about themselves and about the job and most important about their ability to affect their meaningful way. However, according to Weis, (2010) job satisfaction can also be seen within the broader context of the range of issues which affect an individual’s experience of work, or their quality of working life. Job satisfaction can be understood in terms of its relationships with other key factors, such as general well-being, stress at work, control at work, home-work interface, and working conditions. Stress as defined by Hans Selye, is the non-specific response of the body to any demand made upon it. It is not nervous tension, but the wear and tear of life. Stress describes the effects of the body’s reaction to pressure. The source of stress, called stressor, may be purely physical, social, or psychological. The mind may interpret it as pleasant or unpleasant. Whatever meaning it gives, the mind sends it via two pathways. One pathway, is known as the subconscious appraisal pathway, is responsible for the physical and emotional reflexes of the body. The other pathway, responsible for voluntary actions, is used for perception, evaluation, and decision – making. In this other pathway, the individual is made aware of the environmental demands. As he perceives his situation, he interprets it according to his previous experiences, value system, self-concept, ego-strengths, attitudes and feelings. Emotions are usually aroused which in turn give color to the person’s interpretation (Fabella, 2008). According to Good Health Handbook, life and stress are interwoven with each other. It depends on how you view life and how stress affects you. Stress is a highly individual phenomenon. It is strange in its own way – because when it occurs it becomes difficult for the body and mind to adjust to the pattern of life. However, Fabella stated in his book, that stress can be minimized and channelled for growth and development, and life can be filled with joy, peace, love and security. He added accordingly, that stress- resilient people have been observed to have a specific set of attitudes toward life- an openness to change, a feeling of involvement in whatever they are doing, and a sense of control over events. He further said that man who places his entire self in the sphere of work neglecting love (family) and play (sports, hobbies, socializing, friendships) decreases his overall adaptability. If he defines his existence in terms of achievement in his work, he will find that if for external reasons (i,e. , poor health) or boredom ( loss of interest or loss of faith in his employer) his work loses meaning, then so will his life. He will become demoralized, confused, and unable to function. Mayo Clinic stated that there is a link between work approach and job satisfaction. Work is often approached from three perspectives. Usually all three perspectives are important for job satisfaction, but one is often the priority: First is, It’s a job. If you approach work as a job, you focus primarily on the financial rewards. In fact, the nature of the work may hold little interest for you. What’s important is the money. If a job with more pay comes your way, you’ll likely move on. Next is, It’s a career. If you approach work as a career, you’re interested in advancement. You want to climb the career ladder as far as possible or be among the most highly regarded professionals in your field. You’re motivated by the status, prestige and power that come with the job. The third is, It’s a calling. If you approach your job as a calling, you focus on the work itself. You work less for the financial gain or career advancement than for the fulfillment the work brings. One approach isn’t necessarily better than the others. But it is helpful to reflect on why work if unsatisfied with the job and are ready to move on. Think about what originally drew on the current job, and whether it may be a factor in lack of job satisfaction. Additionally, the Clinic noted several ways to increase job satisfaction depending on the underlying cause of the lack of job satisfaction. One is by Improving job skills. Keeping abreast to the new strategies and techniques, and by attending seminars. Developing a new project also helps. Working on something one care about can boost confidence. Mentoring a co-worker. Once a job is mastered, it is a becoming routine. Helping a new co-worker or an intern advance his or her skills can restore the challenge and the satisfaction you desire. However, when personal abilities do not match the responsibilities, boredom will attack. Keep in mind that boredom can literally be deadly if a job involves working with machinery or caring for people, much more on dealing with children. If the mind is wandering to the point that a life or the lives of others is put in jeopardy, take action now. Stay positive. Use positive thinking to reframe thoughts about the job. Changing one’s attitude about work will not necessarily happen overnight or increase job satisfaction overnight. Stop negative thoughts. Put things in perspective. Look for the silver lining. â€Å"Reframing† can help find the good in a bad situation. Learn from mistakes. Failure is one of the greatest learning tools, but many people let failure defeat them. Be grateful. Gratitude can help focus on what’s positive about the job.